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TOI{ON1
O, OLD,J\ND NE\V:

- .\ \IE:\WRI.\I. HH C\IE -

HISTORICAL DESCRIPTIYE l\ND PICTORL\L,

VESI<;'\"FII TO 'I \R.... 1 HE

H t' :,\])REDTH .-\:\:'\ I\'ERS.\RY OF TH E P.-\SSIXG- OF TIlE CO
ST [TUT[O:\, A L
.-\CT OF lï91, \\'HICH SET APART THE PRO\'I:\CE OF
C P PER CA 1'\ .-\ D A .-\:\ D G A \' E B I R T H T ()

YORI
(
O"T TOI
ONTO)

1'0 WHICH IS -\DIJED \ ;",\RR,-\TI\-E OF THF

RISE A:'\D PROGRESS OF THE PROFESSIOKS. Al'JD OF THF GRO\VTH A
D
DE\'E LOP:\IE Xl' OF TH E CITY'S I XDl"STRI ES AX D CO:\Iì\IE RCE,

WI rH
O:\IE SKETCHI-.
OF rHE

JIE
\rHO HA \'E JIADE OR ARE
L\KIXG THE PRO\lXCIAL CAPITAL.

- H\

G.
IEH.CER ADAM,

- \\ ITH \ '\"

I'\TROnCCTIO, BY THE RE\'. HEXRY SCADI>IXG, n.n.

([oronto :
TilE :\L\IL PRI
TI
G CmlI'A
Y.

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TIIF :\1 "L HGIJ.mx". TOIW'TO.

Fntered according to the Act of thc I'urliamcnt of Cnnn<l,l. ill thc ycar onc thou8....<1 cil{ht hundl'cd 8ml ninc!) 'one. b) TilE :\IAII Printing l'umpnn)'
,Limited). in tht. otllce of the 'lini
ter of Aii;l'icllltlll'e, Otta\\a.

Pnt-- 0.. THF
"'.IL JOB Pm"'TI'1o ("0. (I tll ,

PREFACE.

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H ,1-: R EC E
T phen
menal . gro\\ tI
and the. marvellous. development of the tra
e and industry of

.
, ( :r, loronto. together \\ Ith the 1I1crea
1I1g attractIons of the city both as a place of residence and as the
Ftr. . ',Ii metropolis of the Province, ha\e led the Proprietors of THE :\I,\IL to prepare a work of a somewhat
. \ '"
p ambitious character which shall deal \\ ith the chief features of its local histor) and civic life. The
,.., 1.>1
'-'
'J!' work which now appears, it is hoped, will prow in some measure worthy of the occasion which it is
_ de
igned to commemorate, namely, the completion of the first rentur) in the synchronous annals of
the Pro\ ince and its Capital.
Though the scope of the volume, as its title indicates, is limited to Toronto, Old and Xew, the \\ork
properl) lays claim to more than local
upport. It doe
so for t\\ 0 \'alid reasons: First, because the annals
of the city, as we all kno\\, begin, run parallel \\ ith, and, to a large extent, are really those of Ontario: and,
secondl), because Toronto, from its metropolitan character, has now become the focus of the Pro\'Înce, and
our people in all parts of it take a li\'e interest in its affairs, look to it in the main for their intellectual
sustenance, and fed a just pride in the status to \\ hich it has attained and the promise of greatness which
lies still hefore it. How large a space Toronto fills in the records of our young Commonwealth. few e\'en of
its citizens stop to think. Take its history out of the chronicle of the national life of British Canada and
much of political, industrial, and social interest \\ould he gone. "'hat is true of the national is true also of the civic annals
of the I'rO\'incial Capital. I et any old resident recall the successive aspect of things in the local ell\'ironment of his life, and
ho\\ much \\ ill he have to tell in the city's prai:.e, But Toronto is not only endeared to us by the history of the past, and by
the associations which cluster round its social and ci\'ic life. It has a real and practical present-day interest, \\ hich grows with
e\'er) year of its corporate grO\\ th as well as with every stride in its industrial and commercial development.
or is the story,
important as it is in its material aspects, \\ ithout its human interest; for hehind the money are the toilers \\ ho have made it, and
\\Îthin the institutions, factories, and warehouses are the forces of brain and muscle that make for its acti\ ities. Xor ha\'e
these forces alone found de\'elopment in the fields of industry and trade, Other and higher fields ha\'e enli!>ted their service,
and to their beneficent operation the city owes much of its intellectual and moral ad\ancement.
Of these various matters, Toronto, Old and Ne't", endea\'ours succinctly but graphicall) to treat. Aiming at being a
thoroughly representati\"e volume, it deals \\ith most of the various forces and activities that have made Toronto a \ast com-
mercial emporium, a great railway centre, the literar) "hub" of the Dominion, the
Iecca of tourists, an Episcopal and Archie-
piscopal See, and the ecclesiastical headquarters of many denominations. the !>eat of the law courts, the PrO\incial Legislature,
the uni\ersities. colleges. and great
chools of learning, \"hile it has given prominence to trade and commerce. and dealt
with the hanks and other monetary institutions, the loan and insurance companies, and the manufactories and larger importing
and trading houses, it has devoted no little of its space to the various professions, setting forth their rise and grO\\ th in the
community and given some account of the men who ha\e ri
en to eminence in them. Interest in this, a
in the other
hi0 6 raphical departments of the work, it is hoped, has been enhanced by the gallery of portraits; while the historical and
de
cripti\e sections ha\'e, it is believed, been enriched by the many \'iews of the streets, churches. villas, residences and public
buildings which the \'Olume contains.
The design has been to make the book an important and pleasing c'\position of the principal phases of Toronto's com-
mercial and industrial as well as social and intellectual life, and, if possible, a worthy tribute to the genius and nation-building
qualities of her toiling sons. In carrying out this purpose the present writer gratefully acknowledges his indebtedness to the
Proprietors of THE :\1 \11, to whose enterprise and public !>pirit an) success the \'olume may meet \\ ith will be entirely due. To
the Re\'. Henry Seadding, D.D., the \'enerable chronicler of Early Toronto. he is particularly beholden for the introduction.
which, coming from so interesting a source, \\ ill doubtle

be specially \'alued h) the reader.

TOROXTO, Dec. 9, 1890.

CONTENTS.

hI'ROI)tTTIO:-õ,II\ THF RF\. Hh:<>RY Sc.-\DDlNG, )I,D.
('H \1'. I. THE RFGINN[l'(;S OF TORONTO
" I I. I'HE t:. E, Lm AI-[STS AND THE FOUNDINI; OF "HE PRO\"INCE
" I I I. E\ E'I I"S \\ HICH PRECEVED THE FOUNV[N(; OF Y OR....
,. IV. [HE Ft'TURF CII'\" IN S[;\ICOE"S DAY '\NV \T THE BEGINN[NI; OF' TH[: ('E:I. I"URY
\. YOR.... DUR[N(; fHE """R OF 18I2
VI. THF R
'(a;\IES OF (;OVFRNORS (;ORE, l\I-\ITI -\NI>, A:-'D COI BORNF
\ I I. I ",CORPOR,-\ lION OF rORONTO
\"111. THE RFBELIION, TO THE UNION OF I"HE PROVINCF

"IX. 'fHR U
ION, THE R \IL\VA\ ER-\, AND THE FE:"-1L\
RAIU

"X. ('ONFFDER,\TION AND CIVIC EXP-\NSION
.. XI. THE TORONTO OF TO-DAY
.. XII. SO;\IE ASPECTS OF THF
IODERN ('[['\"
..
III. TORO'lTO, TOPO(;R \PHIC-\L AND DESCR[PTIVE
,.
I\', THF PUBLIC
II:N OF THE PROn"CI.\L C'\I'[T.-\I
" '\.\"'
'I'HE I>ENO'llNAfJONS -\
lJ THEIR PA
TORS
" X\ I. TH"- I.....w COURT
A;l/V THE LFG\I- PR()FF
SIO;I/
X\ïI. THE HE.\LlNG ART: A CHAPTER Allot'1" DOCTORS
X\'IlI. EnUCHION AND II's PROFESSORS
XIX. ART ANI> :\Ius[c
,.
X. '('HE (
[T\'
HO\lES: l'Ho
E \,T HO ()\\
, PLAX OR Bl IJ U rrHf'\[
,. XXI RF \1 E"I'\TF. -\:-;0 THOSE "oHO TRHoF\(' I"' IT
.. XXII. rO\llllERClAL TORONTO, ANn THE CH[FFS OF COIII;\IFRCE
XXIII. INIIIISTRl.\L TOROXTO, ANV I"HF ('API"AINS OF INDUSTRY
xXI\' Fn, \NCl-\L TORO'lTO: B.\ 'I"" S. STOC....o.;, AND INSt'RANCE
.. XXV. \\"1'0.;1" TORONTO JUNlll();I/ \"-D IT
.\CrInTlFS
I'IDF,( ()
"I BJH I" \"'1' N"",

5
9
[3
[6

25
28
3 1
35
39
4 2
4 6
49
55
68
89

102

115
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150
160
180

193
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208

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r-rOI{ONTO, OLD

A}\TÐ

N E \ '1.

IXTROI>lTTIOX

m THE RFV, HFNR\ SC.\nrHX(; D.D,

T HE \'OLl.:":\IE here presented supplies the reaùer with a lively picture of the dewlopment of a city from its first germ
to full efflorescence, a consummation reached in the comparatively brief space of les
than ten decades, destined it
is hoped to be maintained perennially by the cominued ., Industn, Intelligence and Integrity" of its inhabitants in all
time to come. rhere is not a city, to\\ n or village of the Province of Ontario \\ hich might not, had the lJroper
precautions been taken years ago, have a like record of itself.
fhe fault has been the non-establi
hment at an early period, of a pioneer and historical society for every county of
the Pro\ ince, associations of intelligent persons taking a real interest in the first foundations of
ettlements, zealous to collect
and put on record minute particulars relative thereto, In the absence of such societies important documents, plans and diagrams
oi much local interest are continually lost, and characteristic narratives and anecdotes of enterprising men pass wholly into
oblivion, Somdhing has been done in the direction of forming such societies in the Counties of \ ork, Peel, \,"entworth,
\,"elland. and Lincoln, but it is important that the practice should become general throughout the 1'rO\ ince, Ewry city, town,
and village would then ha\'e it in its pOller, from time to time, to report progress in regard to itself in as pleasing and satisfactory
a manner as the Capital of the Province is enabled to do in the present volume. It is singular to obsen e in the works which
some years ago \\ere much in \oogue, descriptil'e of ideal commonwealths and cities, that amidst all their arrangements, a
pro\ ision for the maintenance of a standing record of the kind suggested is lacking, In a land like this, where in the future
new communities are likely continually to he coming into existence, on more or less ideal principles. care should be taken to
suppl) the omission.
The Xew "'orld has been a field for making many e'\periments, having in view the material and moral ad\ancement of
mankinù, from the day
of the Jesuits in Paraguay dOli n to those of Joseph Smith, at XaUl'oo, and Brigham \ oung, at Salt
I aJ...e City. C"nfortunately. extrmagances characteri/e man) of these efforts; fanaticism,
uper
tition and a subtle though
unconscious selfishness ha\e Icd to failures which it might be supposed e\ery rea
onablc man \\ould ha\e forest.en. On the
other hand, where the more moderate principles that usually guide ordinar) mortals have been followed, as amongst ourselws
and other off-shoots of the British
tock on this continent, man) c'\:imple,., of a ver) fair degree of Succe,.,,., .ue to be met with.
In thi,., category, Toronto may be classed.

.J

INTRODUCTION

Phil.1dclphia. \\ ashington and other places in the United States have heen laid out from the heginning in accordance
\\ ith id".lli,.,tic
chemL"'. For !>)
tematic regularity these cities \\ ould meet with the apprO\.al of e\ en lord H.1con or Sir Thomas
\Iore From a utilitarian point of \ ie\\, the re
ults ha\ e heen sufficiently satisfactory. Boston. and some of the other older
1"11 ns 01 the Cnion, came into heing La
ually, as it were, and spread in a cramped. circumscribed ;,ort of a \\.lY, somewhat after

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RUSSEll. ABBEY E-\Rl.Y DI TilE rRF
E;\/T CENTURY.

the manner of the old \\alled towns across the .\tlantir, and their later inhabitants han
heen put to much trouhle and e"\pense
in overcoming ronsequent inconveniences, from some of which they are not entirely freed to this day, In Canada. there have
heen e"\periences of a similar character. Through the circumstanres of their original development, (Juehec, Montreal and e\'en
King;,ton are all more or less affected in the direction and dimensions of their streets, and assessments for the nn:dful straight-
enings and enlargement;. ha\e heen heavy. Our modern \\ïnnipegs, Brandons, Reginas, and other hurghs that arc to be
hereafter in our great X orth- \\ cst, "ill douhtless profit hy their acquaintance \\ ith the past of their elder ci\Ïc sisters, and he
sa\ed from several puhlic inconvenienccs in the future.
Happily for l'oronto, the to\\ n was from the
first laid out, like I'hil.1dclphia and \\'.1shington, in
accordance with the theories of the idealists, and it
has had scarcely anything to correct in its general
ground-plan, which was simply that of a parallelo-
gram divided into parts hy straight streets, generally
sixty-six feet in width, running east and west, traversed
hy straight streets of about the same width, running
north and ;,outh. Its site -a \\ idcl),e"\tendcd, gently
sloping plain -admitted of this, and from the time of
its first projection, in I ï93, on a very modest scale
hard hy the outlet of the Ri\ er I>on, to the present,
"hen, through a populous suburh and a park, the
munificent
ift of the late :\11'. Howard, its horders all
but touch the Humher, some si"\ miles westwarrlof
the starting-point, the germ-idea of the pl.lce has nol
heen materially departed from. One thoroughf.ue
north and south was staked out on the Toronto plain,
some fifty year;, ago. of the e"\(:eptional \\ idth of one
hundred and thirt)-t\lo fect, but grave per"ons of the
period shook their he.llb and pronoun red the notion

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":'1 n, , HOLLOW," ("( LI E'.I' SJ., RI 'I1)E
CF (II "O
. 1. II, ROI,I

I)".

..

INTRODUCTION

3

t'"trm agant and C\ en vi"ionary, It ha" comc to pass, nevertheless, that this thoroughfare is a reality, and its \\ idth IS not con-
"idered no\\ as being anything especially out-of-the-\\a
for a street \\ hich seems likely to be in the future the a"is of Toronto, its
streets in theory, in

dÏ\ iding line into east and west. C nfa\ ourable to the picture"lJue a!> i" the parallelogram arrangement of
I'r.1ctice a good deal of impre"si\ eness often
results therefrom, and c\ en beauty, so long
.1S the roadwa) s arc \\ ide and the building-
lots continue to be spacious. Fine vistas
are secured, and in certain localities the arra)
of comfortable residences coming in lJuic\...
succession on both sides is a sight quite
pleasant to see, The free currents of pure
air, too, which this arrangement permits, and
the facilities which it affords for a gooù sy!>-
tem of se\\ ers, are pomts in its fa\ our.
I'heir city planned from the beginning on
ideal lines. the inhabitants as their riches
have increased have sho\\ n themseh'es well

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inclined to gi\e "ome pla
to the ideal in
several respects. I'heir churches, for
e"ample, ha\e become ver) numerous, and
lJuite sumptuous, From sc\eral points of OS,;OODF HAIl, 1111' SIAl OF THE LA\\ COl'IUS.
\ie\\, the sky-line is agreeably \'aried by the spires, towers, gables, turrets and pinnacles appertaining to these, \\hile, beIO\\, the
buildings themseh'es are most of them good specimens of style and substantial masonry, \\ ith e"tensi\'e grounds surrounding
them in several instances, tastefully planted and carefully kept; the church itself consisting not merel) of a solitary temple, as
formerly, but of a cluster of apartments or halls, all of them rendered necessary by the e"igencies of the church life rcvi\'ed
everywhere in these days schools, lecture-rooms, class,rooms and librariö, to say nothing of appliances in "ome of them for
the more COI1\ enient furnishing forth of acceptable mundane refre,hments to large social gatherings on festi\'e occasions.
.\gain, from the e"traordinary multiplication of ver) beautiful re
iùences on e\'ery side, round and in the town, it is evident
that a high ideal of a refined domestic life is present to the minds of a great number of the inhabitants. Hut a tendency to the
ideal in another direction has of late )ears particubrly asserted itself, in the deliberate pulling down of barriers and thro\\ ing
open to the public view the grO\'es and other ornamental surroundings of private residences. \ laudable desire is thus sho\\ n to
come near to the cundition of a perfect communit\" wherein moral defences suffice for the protection of propert), and implicit
confidence is put in the cÏ\ ility and good-will of neighbours and the publi,' at large 1'0 plan hou"es and layout grounds from
the vel') first so as to conform to the new practice is now. a!> a matter of fact, quite common. .-\11 this is cheering as e\ idence of
social progre"s It like\\ ise contributes to the general good appearance of the town, .-\Ireadya certain noble air of spaciousne""
has been gi\'en to se\'eral thoroughfares and
to the grounds bordering on them, an effect
promoted also by the modern fashion of
boulevarding. Then again, stroll round and
inspect the educational institutions of the
place, from the "Cniversities and 1>epartmen-
tal Establishment downward, and see ho\\
many things there are in their II1ternal and
e"ternal arrangement,> and their respecti\ e
em ironments, which more than come up to
the imaginings and hopes of the old specula-
tÏ\'e \\ riters on such subjech. Or let the
benevolent institutions be \i"ited, the hospi-
tals, asylums, refuges, homes for the )oung
and old, and let the general roominess and
pleasantness of each be noted, or go to the

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TORO'1TO l'XI\ ERSITY, AS SEF:oò FRO\J THE VOLl'
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lield
"et apart for athletic !>ports and gamc
, to the parks, the grounds allotted to the Indu
trial E"\hihition purposð, or for the
,'ncouraocment of horticulture; or drop in on a !-unn) da) and there are a great many such in this region all the ye.lr round -
,It the hank,>, at the places of hu!>iness of the \\hole
ale merchant
. at the offices of the large law firms, at the chamhers of the
;udg,,,> at ()
g:oode Hall, or at the grc.lt printing-houses. Is there not a hright, air), ideal aspect about them all, as seen at the
prl'
ent hour in their comparatiH' ne\\ nes,> ? \re there many places where the multiform affairs of men are carried on under
I"<lI1ditiOlb more fa\ourable, on the \\hule, to happines!-, health, and length of days? The e"\ception<; to the rule which will
occur are temporan, and they arc engaging the attention of the proper person
, Three court huu!-es on different sites hm'e
heen "een in roronto during its brief histor), two of them ahandoned and the third about to be abandoned, not on account of
(Iela), but from h.n ing become ill,adapted to the wants of a rapidl) growing community. ,\ fourth, of dimensions amI cap.lcity

uited to the city and count), is at present under construction. In like manner, at least three
ets of parliamentary Imildings
ha\e heen seen here, also on different sites. ,\ fourth will. ere long, be ready for occupation.
.\n idea of the beauty anrl dignity of these edifices may he gathererl from engravings to be seen else\\ here in the pagö
of this \0Iun1e. Thi<; sUlTession in buildings for puhlic purposes is an outward and visible sign of the rapid progress of the
countr), .\s to the tenants who from time to time ha\e peopled the buildings that have passed or are about to pass a\\ay, and
filled their chambers great and sm.t11 with a bus) life, the judge". sheriff<;, magistrates, pleaders, jurors, attorneys of the one, the
iegi,>lawrs, e"\ecntivc councillors, lieutenant-gO\ernors, st.ltesmen, financiers, orators, and \'arious official functionaries of the
other of these \\e ha\e 1\0 room here to speak. They come within the purview rather of some local association established for
the purpose of such matter". I d then the
e remarks be closed with a reiteration of the doctrIne they started with, that there
ought to be in e\ ery county of the PrO\ ince, a Pioneer and Historical Society formed for the purpose of collecting and
presen ing characteri
tic <;ayings, doings, dres" and demeanour of the first founders of settlements and communities amongst us.
Such soeieticS \\ ill occa,>ionally be found cOl1\'enient supplements to the ordinary registry office. ""hill' the latter preservcs its
mmute record of the division and sub-di\ ision of the soil, and of the transfer of lJortions of its surface from hand to hand, the
former will often preserve the memory of men \\ho, b) the sweat of their hro\\, earned the first implement of market value for
that soil, \\ho sometimes at an early period hecame ornaments of the acres which they tilled, gracing their respecti\'e neighbour-
hoods \\ ith characters of high moral e"\cellence and great usefulness, and augmenting the fair fame of the country at large,

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THE BU;IXXIX(;S OF TOROXTo.

TORo'\"ro I"
IFl'I-E\'\1 TI\IF-;. -THF Foc'\"vl'\"(; OF THI" :\"E\\' \\'OIHf). THF FI{F'l.CH ,-\'\"D rHFIR I'\"lJI\" .\IIIFs.-
.. rHF p\-;-; 1:\' TOlw"ro. THI' L\.I"LR\IlXUIO'\" OF THE HLRo,,-;. UrHtR rR-\II" 1'0 THF \\'EST, E\RI\ FRE'\"CH
_\lI\'E" ITIU: I" THE O"T.\IHO PF"I'\"SI'1 \, FORT ROULI É, THL: F!{F"CH TI{ \lJI'\"I;-I'OSI. DFsTI{CCTlO'\" OF THE
FI{E'\"CH FOln ,\T rÜIW"TO.

H LX ci\ ili/ation fir"t seriou"ly invaded the sanctuaries of ?\ature in the region of what is
no\\ the fair ('in' of Toronto, the
t,1Ttled onlookers were a Rock of \\ ild fo\\ I and a
couple of families of the Children of the 'rood. ,\t the time we "peak of. in the
beautiful basin of Toronto H,ubour. if \\e e"\cept the noisc\es" mOvement!-, during the
hours of day of one or t\\O 'Iis"iss,lga Indi,lIls. !-oolitude reigned supreme, \\'hen the
sun \\ent do\\ h e\'en Xature became still. .h night fell upon the scene, the pines
ceased their moaning, and nought \\.b heard sme the occasional spla"h of uea\'er or
musqua"h in the \\aters of the forest-sneened harbour, or the cr) of the \\ood-duck as it
took flight for its e\'ening haunt in the reces-;es of the \\oods. But the )ear 1793,
\\ hich \\ e are accustomed to speak of as that of the founding of the capital of Ontario,
\\as \\hat may be called the mediæ\al era in Toronto's annals, for the place had an
earlier histor), This histor) is spread O\'er the fateful period of the dominion of France
in Canada, in connection \\ ith her commerce \\ ith the Indians and with the thrilling
FORI' ){OUILU' PILLAR. story of the Jesuit Missions.
The early years of the se\"ènteenth century \\ere big with enterprise and fruitful of results for the American Continent.
:\Iaritime ad\'enture then sought on the .\tlantic the field which had hitherto heen mono)Joli7ed hy the
h:diterranean: the
Xew \\'orld for the first time saw a fringe of colonies fasten upon ib cuasts. In 1607. Yirginia was coloni/ed hy Sir
\\ alter Raleigh; in 160S, Champlain founded Quehec. and in the following \'Car :'\ ew \' ork was settled hy the Dutch, To
these settlemcnt-;, in 1620, \\ a" added that
of :\1.1ssachusetts. after the historic landing
of the Pilgrim Fathers. From the French
colon) at (2uebec came the first attempt to
penetrate the ('ontinent. though the Ilutch
soon made their \\ay up the Hudsun. and
estahli"hed a trading-po"t at Orange (Alh:my).
'\e\\ York State at this period \\a
the lair
of the I roquoi". \\ hile Canada. in the nl.lin.
\\.lS the hunting-ground of the \Igonquins
and Hurons. The _\Igonquin-; were scat-
tered along the hanks of the Sr. I a\HenCe
and the Ottawa, \\ hile the home of the
Huron" or \\')al1fiOb \\as the countr) I)ing
immediately to the north of Toronto and
"kirting the waters of the lake that hears
their n,lIne, Between the Hurons and their
dearlh enemy, the Iroquois, lay the Xeutrals.
a nation that \\ ith the Huron tribe the con-
federacy of the Iroquois was ere long to \\ipe
out of existence. In 1615, Champlain, with
his Jöuit following. made his eventful voyage

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THE BEGI.\'.\?VGS OF TORONTO.

up the Ott:l\\a. cros"ed
('1lJed Ln -'J.r Douce,
he tarried,
Here, in \\ hat i" no\\ kno\\ n as the \latchedash Peninsula. the Black Robes. who had accompanied and prcceded
Champlain, hegan their e\ angeli7ing \\ or\.... and set up the altar of the Church in the \\ ilderness. This intrusion of the" pale
(11"',," into the territon of the \\'\.lI1dots \\as regarded first with curiosity, hut suhse'luently \\elcomed, in the hope that their
nL'\\,found friends \\ould become their allies in the Huron raids upon the Iroquois. In a weak hour to this Champlain
con"ented. and for nearJ
a hundred and tift\. years the colony of
e\\ France was to IXI
the hitter penalty. From carr) ing
Ihe Cro"... into tIll' \\ ilderness Champlain and hi" follo\\ ers undertook to carry the arquehuse and the torch into the heart of the
I rOf)uois confederacy; and joining his Huron friends he speCllih' appears among the .IPpalled trihes of the "Five
ations" in
glittering armour. This heedless fora) cost him and his nation dear; and to the Huron trihe it hrought ruin and desolation.
\\ hat retrihution fdl upon the Huron" no pen can in ih full horrors portray; and there is scarcdy a chapter in histor) that
offers to it an adequate parallel. For the space of a generation there aro"e an internecine
trife so crud th.n one's hlood curdles
to re.\(l the record. .\Ias
it was a conflict not confined to savages; its hloodiest \\ork W.IS \Heaked upon the French. The
poor Jesuit mi
sioner was made the sport of fiends, for no death seemed too terrihle to glut Iroquois lust of hlood. On the
errands of hdl. season after season, came h.lI1ds of the Five Xation Indians, and in their path through the forest marked" the
pa<;s 1)\ Toronto -- \\ ith the scorchings of Iroquois hate,

La\...e X ipissing and paddled do\\ n the French Ri\ er to that inland
ea of tIll' \\'yandots, which he
I k"cending the (;eorgian Hay he came upon the eountn' of the Huron", among whom for a time

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H :\IARhEJ", TO\{O"\TO, IS4I.
It !>eem<; hut a baleful dream to stand to-day by the mouth of the Humber, now almost a suhurh of the great city, and
reflect that by so placid a \\aten\ay the Spirit of E\ il then !>ent its emis
aries to work such havoc, It is nearh' two hundred and
fifty )ear
since these tragic days in the history of Canada, but how fe\\ arc there of roronto's holiday cro\\d
on the Humber
\\ ho think to \\ hat "cene
the pre"ent safe and pleasant waters, \\ hich connect I a\...e Ontario \\ ith I a\...es Simcoe and Huron,
then led, It was a time of fearful trial to the poor French nll..sioner, a time of unredeemed barbarism and savagery. "ain
and fruitle
s were the efforts he and hi" order put forth to convert and ci, iliæ the aborigines. The missions the Jesuit had
come to plant among the Hurons were consecrated with tears and watered with his life-blood. Through years of unparalleled
toil, and \\ith great agony of soul, the hopes of the fathers were alternately raised and crushed. Despite their amazing fortitude
and unquenchable zeal, the hopes of the mission were doomed to destruction, and the heart of Faith was humbled in the dust.
In a time of such peril to hoth priest and cOl1\'ert there was sore need of a Comforter. The Comforter came, but in the form

THE flE(;IN1\IXGS OF TORO,YTO.

i

of the grim Iroquois e"\terminator, II ith his n.lIi\'e tomaha\\ k and the match-lock of the I )Utdl, In 16-1-1'1 the merciful end
drew near. and to the ri
(JUrs of the follo\\ ing \\ inter \\ ere added those of the stake and the torch. It is computed th.lI within
the space of thirtl' \'ears the \\hole Huron nation. numhering ahom thirtl. thousand souls, sal'e a sm.11I contingent th.It escaped
for succour to (Juehec. wa,., ruthlessly e"\terminated,
.\ full score uf )ears pas,,"ed 11\, from the period of this Kew \\ orld .. harr\"Ïn
of the :\orth,"' till \\e again hear of
French .Ilhenture within pro"\llnate range of Toronto, \\ïth \\hat devastation the regions north and \\est of thc Humher had
been s\\ ept h) the Iroquois, the narr.ltives of French e"\ploration ahundantly hear witness. On the maps of the period the
ominuus words. llt1tW/l ddrlfile "trihes e"\terminated" repeatedly occur, and tell their sad tale of \\oe and desolatiun. But
French enterprise \\ a
now taken up. not with carr) ing into the wilderness the standard of the Cross. hut \\ ith he.lring aloft the
t/uo-dt'-lis of the ('rown. The anne"\ation of territon' and the e"\tension of trade were nOlI the aim of French chi\'alry, and in
pursuit of its ohject it met the jarring hostility and ceaseless rivalry of Britain, Keen and prulunged \\as the contest for
supremacy on the continent of the Xe\\ \\ orld, and we know ho\\ it ended. The story forms the most hrilliant episode in
Canadian hi
ton', and decks the nation's \\'alhalla \\ith an aureola of fame.

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But. he,.,ide
"Ihe p:tss h) l'oronto. and that hy the \\aters of the Ott,lw,1 ,111<1 Lake Xipissing, there were other menues
to the north and \\ cst which French e"\ploration and the pursuit of the fur trade ,.,oon opened up, Just bevond Fort Frontenac
(nOli Kingston), at the eastern end of Lake Ontario, the Bay of <,luinte gil'es access to the l'rent Ri\'er and the line of water
and portage communication \I hich eunnects [ ake Oatario \\ ith Lake Simcoe and the (;eorgian Bay, B\' this route Champlain
and his Huron raiders made their hapless descent upon the Irotluois. and 1)\ the same route, the great Frenchman, wounùed
and ùispirited, W,I
fain to return for s\mpathy and SliCCOur to the mission,., of the Huron Peninsula, ]11' this \\aterway al
u,
or hy the highw,1\ of the Ottaw.l, the French [rapper or missionary would find his toilsome way to the "Cpper 1.lkes. and the
rich mines of Lake ;o;uperior: for already the mineral \\ ealth of the region dl\ iùed with the mission at ;o;ault Ste. :\larie the
hopes and ainb of French e\angdiLation.
.\" }et, little of the last peninsula of Ontario lias known te the French: many years lIere still to pass ere it began to
be reclaimed from nature and the savage. In 1626 Daillon, a Récol\et friar, ventured from the mission forts of the Huron
district as far inland as the beaver meadOlls of the Grand River and the Thames. Fourteen years afterwards came Chaumonot
from the same mis.-;ion on an erranrl of 100'e to the tribe of the Xeutrals, and with him was Brebæuf, "the .\jax of the Huron

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\Iissions," who a fe\1 years later lIas to thrill the world with
the heroism of his mart) I' death, But a nell name was now
to be emhlaLOned on the scroll of French e"ploration: for in
the) ear 1669, the eager-eyed I a Salle \1 as to descry for the
first time -,",Hure's lovely solitudes at the fOnd dulac, as the
western end of lake Frontenac (Ontario) was termed hy the
French. Ten) ears later. the ad\ enturou" \'oung :>J" orman
found his \Iay to the mouth of the
Ii""issippi, and rolled up
the curtain of Frtonch domination over the south and west.
With I a Salle on his earlier e"\pedition W,IS the Sulpician mis-
sionary, (;alinee, whose map, published in France in 1670, is
the earliest chart \Ie possess of the configuration of the Untario
peninsula. Galinee, II ho seems to ha\'e heen an enthusiastic
sportsman and fond of good cheer, speaks of the interior of
the peninsula as a famous stalking-ground for deer and, he
grimly adds, .. a bear-garden of the Iroquois:'
Full of disaster as was the rule of the Frtonch culuny at
Quebec, there was a time \\ hen hope beamed on the fruits of
French e"\ploration and "ettlement in the \\"est. The daring
and ambition of the young French lloblesse nothing could
daunt; and their enterprise laid the foundations of that trade
which led to the partial opening up of the later proYince of
Cpper Canada, though it was e\'er and anon retarded by the
ri\alry of the Engli"h of the sea hoard, In pursuit of thc fur trade, that great source of wealth to the people of both
nations, these trails to the \\ est became a\enues of commerce Ilhich it was important for the French to hold and for the
Engli"h to ob"truct or stri\e to obtain. To conserve the trade for the French crolln, a number of forts were early established
in the \\est, which h,Id Frontenac (Kingston) as their base of supply. .\s trade e"\panded and rivalrygre" keener, Fort Rouillé
(Toronto) was erected in 1749 to guard the passage by the Ri\'er Humber. This stockade received its name from the French
('olonial \linister of the period. .\ntoine Louis Rouillé, Count de Jouy. It stood on the Jake shore, ahout midway between
the {;arri'ion Creek, at the western entrance of the harbour, and the Humber, and may practically be spoken of as the first
germ of the Cit\' of Toronto. Through the instrumentality of the Rev. 1)1', Scadding, the \ cnerab]e historiographer of the
('it). a memorial column has bcen erected to mark the original site of the Fort. It stands at the "outh-\Iest angle of the
E"\hihition (;round", near the
ni t to the \1 harf.
()n the "outh side of
I ah Ontario the French had
:tlread \ a fort at X iagara, II hile
the Engli"h had established a
ri\ a] post at Choueguen, now
(),.,II ego. The H ud...on and
the St. 1,IIHencL Ilere then,
as nOli, in direct ant.Igoni...m
in tilt' matter of tr,ule, Com-
merce ...ought the most ad\an-
t.lgl"IUS market, and the re
,.,trictiH' impost.. of thL' French
,It (2uehel', and the high pricc...
there of commoditie.. offered
in L "change for the products
of the cha...e, threw much of
the traffic of the Indians h)
the \ aile) of th L \Iohallk,
into the hands of the Fngli"h.
rhi... naturall) emhittered the
fedings of the French for their
hereditary enemies of the "ea-
board, and gave local zest to
the contest which II as long

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\'IEW O:\' THE IIU
IBER.

THE e E. LOYALISTS A "D THE FOeXDIXG OF THE PROrÜ'CE.

9

waged hetween England and France. But the end of the strife hetween the two nation" \\as at hand, and though the ri\'al
route" of trade were "till to he fought oyer. French dominion in the
ew \\ orld was to pass into the h,mds of the Engli"h,
and the lilies of France wcrc to gi\'c way to the ('ross of ::-it. (;eorge. But jusl hefore this happened, calamity 0\ ertoo\.. the
four trading-posts on lake ()ntario,
In q 56. Choueguen fell hefore the daring of :\Iontcalm, and three years afterwards Colonel Bradstreet le\ ell cd rort
Frontenac with the dust. In the same )ear. after a short siege, Fort Xiag,ua surrendered; while the French stockade at
Toronto, to prè\'ent its falling into the hand" of the \'ictorious English, was destrowd hy order of :\1. de \',1Udreuil, the
(;0\ ern or.
Of the importance of the trading-post which guarded" the pass hy Toronto." and which now historically disappears,
there is on record the statement cf Sir \\ illiam J ohnstcn, emhodied in a despatch on I ndi.m aff.lÏrs to the Earl of Shelhurne,
that for the monoph' of a se.lSon's tr.lde with the Indians at rort Rouille. could the post he re"tored, trader" would he willing
to gi\'e as much as a thousand pounds:
Such was the \'alue attached in q67 to the trade of .. the pa"s h) Toronto:' a \'alue w!lich its location and other
ad\'antages were increa"ingl) to heighten. and a quarter of a century afterw.uds was to be turned to frc"h account.

CHAPTER II.

THI: t;, E. I.OL\I.lSrs ,\XI> THC FOL'
m
(; OF rHI: I'ROn,CE.

,\
F\\' ER,\ OF ['OLOXI \1 HISTOR\
l'POX C \X,\V \. THE:\I \....IX(;
OF THE XEW SETTLE:\IF'\"TS.

1:"1 .\:\IERIC\. E\'
XTS \\HICH 1 FI1 TO I'HF \\'\({ OF ['\"VFPE"VF'CF.
OF TORO:".TO. THE S\CRIHCFS OF rHF C, E. 10\ \1 ISTS, rHE BR \\\,
l'ORO'\"TO RECEI\'E" THE C. E, LO\,\lI"TS AXV PISB\'VEV :;OLlIIFR\.

1 rs EFFFCT
\'\V :\ILSCI E

\'I:XTS were nm\ ahout to hring into greater prominence, not only the historic" pa<;5 hy
Toronto:' hut the region through which the Indian trail led northward!'. to the waters of Lake
Huron. the \Ïrgin site of Toronto ibelf. and the heautiful harhour that lay near to the
southern outlet of .. the l'a",,:' -the reed-eO\ered delta of the Humber. From the Fall of
Quehec and the period of the di"nl.lntling of Fort Rouillé. a gener,ltion in the haunts of men
was to pass aw.l) ere we ag.lÏn hear of Toronto. or see "ign of renewed life and acti\'ity in
its neighhourhood, X,Hure was fast resuming ih swa\' mer the place. and the little clearing
round the trading-post was again heing gi\en up to solitude. \leanwhile. the drama of life
was proceeding elsewhere. and through the scattered colonies of the continent there ran the
pubations of a quickened e"l.istence. The pre\'ious chapter ended with the dose of French
rule in Canada; this opens with a new era of coloni:li history in .\merica. European
settlements in the ,ew \\ orld had hitherto
mainly been for trade: now they partook
of the character of. and felt the desire to he,
a nation. The days of great pri\'ileged com-
panies. with their huge land grants and re-
stricti\ e monopolies. had passL'd, and the
tiLS. commercial and pt.litical. beh\een the
:\Iother ('ountn' and the colonie" \\ere al-
reach' heing sundered, Britain's dream of emprisL O\'er the \"ew \\'orld had
heen full) realiæd. and the trading-classes of the" tight little sea-girt i"le"
threw up their caps when she became mi"tress of the \\ e"tern Continent,
But while she had bra\'eh conquered, "he could not wiseh' hold, Her wars
in the Old \\'orld had financially crippled her. and "he looked to the Xew to
ha\'e her coffers refilled, Xor \\as the desire altogether unnatural. The
publi(' deht of England had been piled up largely on account of her colonies,
and it seemed reasonable that with their growth and prospenh return should
in some measure be made to the :\Iother Countr) for \\ hat they had cost her.
But how and in what shape \\as this to he returned to her? 1'0 Ia) hem ier
dutie" on her o\\n imports \\ould he to ta"l. herself, not the colonies. 1'0
lay them on the colonie". English statesmen ne\er dreamed \\ould lead to
reyolt. To ta"l. the carr) ing trade was first attempted, and \\ hen this was

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IREU' \!EIHUl>bI' CHURl II.

]I)

THE C. E. LOJ",lLIST,',; .1XD TilE .FùCXDING OF THE PROT INCE.

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I.icl.ed at, \\hat \\.1" carried \Ias then
taxed, But a, little \1.1" thi" relished
.1' \\a" the proposed hut cancelled
St.lInp ,\ct. \\ hat tool. place at the
Port of Bo"ton and \11l.lt came of it,
.ue too \\ dl I.no\\ n no\\ to tal.e up
"pan' to inquire into, "ith thL'ir
hirthright Briti"h colonists had in-
herited Briti"h liberties, and British
liberties tool. ill \\ilh ta ",eù teas,
But before \\ e turn this picture
t ) the \1.111. let us 1001. a little doser at
Ihe coll.lp"e of the colonial s\ stem in
.\merica, and see what it>- effect:-. \Iere
upon ('anada and hO\I Toronto came
therel" to be the gainer, .\ month
after the capitulation of :\lontre.ll,
(;eorge the Second wa" gathered to his
fathers, as the historians minuteh'
chronicle, in the "e\'enty-se\'enth \ear
of his life and the thirt\-fourth of his
reign, His page went one morning. as
I'h.lcl.era) tdls us, to take him his ro)al
chocolate, and, behold: the most rdigiou" and gr.H'ious SO\ ereign lay dead on the floor. The intractahle monarch \\ ho succeeded
him tool. the .1dministration of aff.1.ir
into his 0\1 n hands, and though he made a mess of things on this continent he was not I.ll.'king
in rourage, and, when his mind was clear, would brook little interference from his counsellors, But (;eorge I I I. was unskilled
in diplom.lC1', and ha\ing his O\ln he.lClstrong \Iay, he hrought humiliation on Britain: and after the I.lpse of some )ears a
pitiful malad\ fell upon himself. The period of what is I.nown as the" King's .\Iinistn," extending from 17 68 to 17 82 , cO\'ers
the e\"entfu] era of the 'r.u of Independence. in \\hich the colonists of the Xe\\ "'orld, resenting interference in matters of
trade from admini"trations in I .ondon, and feding that liberty W.IS imperilled hy the aggressions of the Crown, threw off
allegiance to Britain and founded the gO\ernment of the l'nited States,
Burke s m.lgnifieent pica for conciliation hore no fruit. and the eloquent warnings of Fm, and Chatham were wa"ted on
Ihe insolent lord 'orth, For a time British arms met \Iith their \Ionted SUccesses, and the hopes of the )oung nation \Iere
f.1.r from being elated, .\Iontgomery had f.lllen at Quebec, and Burgoyne had penetrated from the St. I a\\ renee to the Hudson,
".lpturing the stronghold of Ticonderoga h\" the way, Brant and his Indians were carrying terror through the ".llIe\' of the
\Iohawk, "hill' :\e\1 York and the 100\er Hudson \\ere ill\'ested by the fleet of I.ord Howe, But \\hile the \\eary years of the
unnatural conflict passed, fiel.]e Fortune beg.m to change, and the Fates to smile on the arms of the Young Repuhlie, The
R()\ ali"ts met \1 ith re\ er,.,e after re\"erse, until the end came \\ ith the surrender at Saratoga of (;enera] Burgoyne, and at
Yorl.town of I ord Corn\\allis, \Ïetor) finally
re,.,ting upon the Continental arms, .\merica
achie\'ed her independence and was formally
admitted into the categor) of nations, In this
she \Ias no litt]e assisted by Britain's heredi-
tar) L'nem\, France, \1 hich nation on the
surrender of Burgo) ne, not on I) h.lskned to
acl.nO\\ledge the re\olted colonies, hut sent
an army to aid them in their ,.,tTUggle with
. .. the common foe But the capitulation of the
Briti
h generals was not mere!) the capitula-
tion of an arnH', it lIas the ,.,urrender of h.tlf
of Britain's hold upon the :\e\\ \\ orld and
\... \\ ithdrawa] from the best part of a continent.
t '
To the 100'alist "the lost cause" \1.1'" freighted
'''''!! \\ ith e"i], for to him and hi,., it hrought IIOC
and desolation. With the ,.,UlTess of the col-
onies came persecution and the loss of prol'ert).
Then \\ as accepted \ o]untary e"'p.1triation \1 ith
its trials and pri\ atiolb. .md the sad e"'periences

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hI\IA'I('ELB\I'lhl ClfLI., II, C(lF:'
RJA"\I
A"n \\"111
SII\ SlS,

THE U E. LOlALISTS AND THE FOUXDING OF THE PROVINCE.

11

of e"\ile in the \\ ildernesses of Canada.
sequel in the" making of Toronto:'
\Iuch has been \\Titten ahout the Cnited Empire Loyalists. on the one hand in disparagement of their hostile attitude
towarùs the new-horn Republic. and on the other. in well-dl'
en ed praise of their loyalty to the British eTO\\ n. Our 0\\ n \ ie\\
is. that they made great and undouhted sacrifices in abandoning their homes and possessiuns fer a domicile under the Old Flag.
Some of their detractors have gone
the length of sa\'ing that their devo-
tion to the House of Urunswick had
not the merit of being e\'en a
enti-
mental one -that the\' \\ere actuated
bv mercenan moti\'es: I", party al-
liance \\ ith the .Idministration that
had prO\oked the \\ar: and b) a
spirit of Tor) hostilih to the "'hip.
who \\ere opposed to coercÏ\c mea-
sures tlmarù" the colonies. But thi

is surd) an e:l.treme and an unf.lÏr
\'ie\\ of the matter, and a libel on I P-
the memor) of these patriots, Part\
feeling then, as now, no doubt ran
high, and faction was almost certain
in a great issue then pendin
to ha\'e
its follower;" But rebellion was a

"e necù hardly point out that this e"\patriatiun had its happy. thuugh as yet distant,

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serious alternative; and with men who 100'ed the Old Land and re\'erenced the Flag, to renounce the one and be untrue to the
other \\as a step they might well be excused from taking. howe\'er impolitic may ha\'e been the course of British administration
and unjust the measures forced upon the coìoll\'.

I:!

THE IT, E. LOJ:/LISTS AND THE FOlTDI.\'G OF THE FROVIXCE.

On the other hand, it m.IY be asked, were there not L'"\n:
ses indulged in by the partisans of the ]{epublic; CO\'Ctous
e\ö laid on the pos"essions of true men and 100'al citi/clb, and taunts and jibes thrown at tho"e who were knoll n to look coldlv
upon the succes
es of the colonist
in re\'ult. and \\ ho Ic)\'ed the land of their birth and honoured the home of their kindred?
11 \\ould not be difficult to prove that thi
wa
but too cruelly the c'a
e. Haliburton, in his I. Rule and :\Iisrule of the English
in ,\merica:' .lffirms that" tarring amI fe.lthering, .\Ild other acts of personal outrage, became so common in :\lassachusetts, that
,III su"'pectnl p:uli
.ms of the \Iother Countn' '\ere obliged to seek refuge with the troops:' ,\nother authorit) says: "] could
adduce instances of conduct in Londists that \\ ould do honour to
human nature; but therc is one which I cannot pass mer, heeause
it shows with \\ hat firmness men will act when they arc conscious
that the) ha\'e taken the right side of a question. ,\ fort lIas reduced
by the .\mericans on the River Savannah, and such of the loyal
militia as were in garrison there had the ahernati\'e offered them of
enlisting \\ ith the Americans. or being put to de.lth, Among the
Lo)alists wa
a young man who desired a few minutes to consider
the proposal, and after a short pau
e he resolutely ans\\'ered that he
preferred death to disgrace, on which al"'ount he was immediately
cut down,"
But, whatever the actual facts and however \'aried the motlvcs
that kept the r .ovalists from ) iclding up their fidelity to their king,

there can be little quötion as to the hanbhips they
endured in abandoning their estates in wll.lt lIas com-
p.uatin' ei\ ili/ation for a home in the inho
pitable wilds
of the trad.le

forest. Few of their number, it ll1av
be, \\ ho, for the sake of a principle, had the courage t

prefer instant death rather than he untrue to their con-
\ Ictions; though 111.111\ are knO\\ n to have taken their
chances of life or death \\ ith the Briti
h troops in the
v.ln ing fortune" of the \\ar, HCI\\ many after the dose
of the Ll1Ilfiict preferred e"patriation to li\ing in a
countn that had lIon independence through rebellion,
histon is here to .Iltest; and these \\ ere the men \\ ho
\\ere to form the hra\\n and muscle, the mind and heart
of the ne\\
ettlemenh of .\cadia and Canada. True,
the I o\ali"h recei,ed large gifts of the
oil in the ne\\
land to which they had come, as !'.ome compen
ation for
their 10 ...es : but these grants were such as al1\' cIas" of
settlers \\ould be likely to receive under any politic BlOOR SrRl"u' BAl'l"ISr CHURCH,
S)
tem of Immigration. And as to thl' mone) appropriation hy the Crown on their hehalf, in view of \\ hat work by before
them as piolwer<; of a ne\\ and unopened country, and depri\t:d as they \\ere of almost nerything their pre\ious toil had
secured to them, no generou,; mind \\ill ca\ il at, or say that, con
idering their need, it was not richly their due.
\\ïth the pean' of I ï8.), \\ hich the Treaty of \ ersaille
secured, hands of r .oyalists entered ('anada from \arious points,
and
dtled in the neighbourhood of Xiagara, round the
h(lre
of lake Ont.lrio, up the B.I) of <2uinte, dc)\\n the :-it. Ll\\felll'e,

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EVEXTS WHICH PRECEDED THE IiOUNIJI,rG OF rORA:

13

and hv wav of 1 )l'troit, along the hanks of the St. Clair and the Thames. In the East there was also considcrahle sdtlement
in de.;jrahle Im'ations in XO\'a Scotia and Xe\\ Brun"wick, Of thu"e that enterell Canad.l hy the
iag.lra Ri\er, not a few \\ere
to find their \\.W round the he.ul of I ake Ontario to Toronto. accomp.mie(l hy contingents of dishanded soldiery from the
tm\"!l of
e\\ark, \\hich, on the di\ision of the countn into the PrO\im'es of l'pper anù Lo\\er Canada, \\.IS in Ii')1 to hecome
the temporary capit.II. This LO\alist immigration was composed fur the m lin part of the middle and upper cl.lSses in the
communities they had left classes that though wdl-to-do were accustomed to hard lahour. acquainted \\ ith hush-life, familiar
with the work of the farm, and possösed of a courage and endurance which. often put to the test, were to prO\e the hest
qualities for a pioneering life and the gift
most needed for suhduing the wilderness. .\s has heen said of them. no portion of
the British possessions e\er recei\'ed so nohle an acquisition, for they hrought to Canada the materials for a nation ready-made.

CI L-\PTE R J II.

E\'EXTS \\ HICH PRECEDED THE FOeXIHX(; OF YORK,

THE ORIGI:'II OF THE FRF:\'"CH-C,\:\'"-\DI.\N PROIII nl. - CRE.\TIOX OF UPPER \'\"D IO\\FR C,\J\ \D-\. E\RLY TFSrI\IONY TO
THE .\I)\" -\'\"T-\(;FOL"S LOC.-\TIO:\ OF TORO'\" roo SI\ICOF ,\1'1'01:\ TED (;OVf RNOR OF C PPER C,-\ '\",\1>,\. TOlW:\TO (Y OR....)
HECO
IFS THE C,\PIT.-\L OF THF PROVINCE.

'.

W; - - I rH the estahlishment. in, 179 1 , of.Cpper Canada as a separate..PrO\inc
, Si,r (;u)" Carll'ton., n
\\
, \ Lord Dorchester the (,O\'ernor-( ,eneral of the colony -had KlI1gston 111 \ lew as the I'ronnClal
,I I" metropolis. How Toronto, or rather \' ork, as it came for a time to he called. won the honour
1 ,I. ,r of heing the capital. We "hall presently see. Meantime let us take a glance at II hat had heen
transpiring in Canada since the Conquest. \\ïth the addition of X ew France to the Colonial
Empire of Britain, the :\Iother Country took o\'Cr an element of some perple",it
, in a people she
found it difficult to assimilate \\ith her o\\n nationality. France in the Xe\\ \\'orld not only
spoke another language, hut she
had peculiar laws of her 0\\ n, and
a religion which, though it had been
that of the country from the time
of Champlain, was not that of her
new rulers, England's policy, of
course, was to make it as easy as
possihle to incorporate the French-Canadians into the national
s\'stem, For a time it was necessary to resort to military rule,
but this indeed. if we except that of the Church, \\as the only
rule the French Colol1\' had hitherto kno\\ n. With military rule. ðAJ:....oÍil."".
ho\\ever, courts of judicature were constituted for the hearing and
determining of all causes, criminal as well as ci\'il, with liberty
of appeal, under the usual restrictions. to the Cro\\ n, Cnfortunatcly, though the laws \\ere administered in the justest manner,
and \\ ith due regard to the feelings of a people who were unfamiliar with the forms of British justice. the French. under
the Quebec .\ct of I ïï-t, had restored to them the .. custom of Paris," a code ()f ci\ il la\\ which e...isted prior to the Conquest.
This privilege, Il'ith guarantees for the maintenance of their language and their religion. and the s\ stem of seignorial tenure on
\\hich they \\ere permitteù to hold their land", the French-Canadians have continued to enjoy to the present day. To the
English who hold settled in the countr} the concession g:l\'e instant and just offence, as it was a \ iolation of the ordinance
of I 76-t, securing the administration of English law, and on the
faith of which numhers of English-speaking people had taken up
residence in Canada. In some respects, ho\\e\Tr, the ('oncession
was a politic Olle, as, though it placed Ihe English minority at a
disad\antage, it strengthened the attachment of French ('.mada
to the British Crown, an ohject at the time of no little moment,
in ,iew of the disaffection among the Engli"h colonies on the
seahoard, and their suhsequent re\'olt. I n other respects the
measure was good. namely, in its remmal of the disahilities from
.--.

Roman ('atholics. as, among other henefits conferred, it ga\'e a
legal sanction to their religion an act of toleration which it took
England many years to e:\tend to the same communion in the

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1-1-

El'EKTS WHICIf PRECEDED THE FOUXJJI.n; OF rOR^

muther-Iand. thuugh it ma
be ".Iid that. from a pröent-d.I\' point of \ ie\\, it has not contrihuted to the prosperity, hut rather to
Ihc dis..uh.II1I.1gC. of I O\\"L'r Canaùa, ,h wc ha\e
.lÏd, the measurc natur.llly gan' great offencc to British settlers in the country.
But dis
ati...f..lction \\ a" e"pecialh e"presscd \\ ith it, in consclJuence of the e"\tensi\ e area throughout which the . \et would
ha\ c to bc rc"p.'cted. for 1)\ ih pro\ isions the \\ cstcrn hounùan of ('anada \\as to include a region so remote as the vallev of
the Ohio, In due time, ho\\e\er. the repcatcd protests of the ,\nglo-Canadians against the injustice of the (Jucbcc .\ct
induced the English
Iinistr) to makc a radi-
cal change in the administrati\e machinery
of Canada, so far, at least. as the \\estern
portiun of the countn was concerncd. The
incoming of English-speaking scttlcrs from the
territory of the new-horn Repuhlic incrcased
the Hllume of complaint he.ud at the Coloni.II
Office, amI no douht hastened the p.lssing of
the ameliorating measurc,
Jh thc Constitutional. \ct of I i91 as
the Hill was called thc country was di\ ided
into two pouts, designated Cpper and l.owCT
(',mada, the houndary line being the Otta\\a
Ri\'er. Each I'rovince was to have its own
(;0\ ernor, and an E:\ecuti\'e Council, ap-
pointeù bv the ('rown, together with a Parlia-
ment, consisting of a I.cgislati\'e ('ouncil anù
a 1{epresentati\'C . \ssemhly. The (;0\ ern-
ment in hoth I'rO\ inces wa
unfortunately
made rcspon
ihle. not to thc Representativc
. \ssemhly, hut to
thc Colonial
()f/ìcein England
a mistakc which,
III Cppcr C ',lI1aùa particularly, was in time to hring forth e\'il fruit. In Upper ['anada, English law
\\.lS to hc ,'st.lhli"hcd, and prm ision made in hoth I'rO\'inces for the support of a Protestant clerg\',
1)\ the .;eltingapart
of eertam \\ild
lanù
,calledClerg}
Resen'Ls, an cn-
actmcnt \\ hieh
later on \\ as to Icaù
to much conten-
tion in the L: pper
I'rm ince. Frced
from the trammels
of connection \\ ith
I 0\\ cr ( 'anada. thc
L:pper I'ro\ incc
tno" a leap on-
\\ard III that path
,Jf progre

\\ h ieh
to look h.lCk on
In'Ùa). >hl";-" if
it h
ù C,JmL ahout
I I} L neh.lntmcnt,
..u !!:reat h.1 bcen
thc tran
form, tion -.
. . TO "".
anù man ellou" th,
de\ e!opment.
"rom 'i 8 .'), \\ Ilt"n th.. R",olutionan \\ ar c1o
ed, the I'rO\ inl'e prolm.;ed to he invadcd along the whole of its \\ater-front
.It
L.lttcred (loinh :Jttr"lcti\c to the
ettlcr. Cp to 1 i9', howen:r, \\ ith the e"\ception of small cummunities along the St.
La\\Tence, the Ib) of C,!uinté, thL Xiagara frontier, and the Detroit Ri\'er -the bulk of which was of Lovalist settlement-there
\\,!
no \\hite population in thL Lountr
, and the whole region was an almost trackless forest. The nat
ral advantages of the

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ErEXT.S WHICH PRECEDED THE FOl"'DI,XG VF ro/("

ne\\ Iy,created I'rm ince of C pper Canada were great: it ahounded in timher, it had a good soil. plent\" of fish and game. and in
eu'n direction \\.lS \\ell \\atered 1)\' streams. generall) n.l\igahle for boats and canoes. and possessed of a climate at once
br.lt"ing and health\. \\ hat alone \\.lS needed \\ere the sun'e
or. the axeman and the settler. Record of the appearance of the
lirst of these \\e find trace of in the neighhourhood of ('oronto, in the person of Sun'e\'or-(;ent"ral ('(Jllins. who. in I ï 88 . in a
report of the region to I.ord I )orchester. speaks of the Harhour of Toronto as .. cap..'1cious. safe. and well-sheltered." rhree
\"ear
!.lter. \\e find :\lr, ,\Ilgustus Jones. I'rmincial L:lnd Suneyor. pur"uing his vocation in the same land-locked waters. and
prospecting gencrall\' in the neighhourhood, Colonel Bouchette. Surn:\or-(;encral of I.ower Canada, at the time engaged in
the na\',ll and Il\drographical sen'ice of the \\estern !.lke,.;, also ad,[.; his te
timon
to the f.lvourahk location of Toronto for the
seat of the I'rO\ incial capit.l\. .. I still distinctl
recoil en." he sa\ s. .. the untamed aspect which the country e"\hihited \\ hen
lìr
t I entLred the l,e,lUtiful hasin, I knse
amI trackless fore
h lined the margin of the
lake. and reflected their imertt:d image
in
its gl,I
S\' surf.1Ce. The \\andering sa\age
had con
tructed hi
eplwmeral hahitation
heneath their lu"\uriant foliage the group
then consisted of two f.unilies of :\1 i""i
",lgas
-and the ha\ and neighhouring nl.1rshe

were the hitheno unin\',lded haunts of im-
mense cO\'e\'s of wild fowl."
The heauh' and shelter afforded by
the B.\\" of Toronto \\ere
uch as readih to
commend the
ite a
a desirahle one for the
location of a cit\", It ga\e aCt"ess. as \\e
have seen, h\" the most direct )lath. to I ,1ke
1.1 (lie (Simcoe) and the waters of Huron.
and Ia\' in clo
e pro...imit\" to the Humber
ri\'er. and the .. place of meeting" as the
\\ord "Toronto" denotes -of the Indians,
:\loreO\er. it \\as within easy hail of
iagara.
the British fort on the opposite shore of the
lake. and in the line of communication ea
t-
ward. Ho\\ the"e ad\'antages were to tell
in f.'1\'our of the selection of Toronto as a
capital we shall ere long discO\er.
With the erenion of Cpper Canada
into a di
tin("t I'ro\ ince it secured. as We have
said, a separate gO\'ernment: and an admin-
istrator \\as to he appointed, with the title of
l.ieutenant-(;O\ ern or. The gO\ ernorship fell
into the able hands of Lt.-Col. John (;ran:s
Simcoe, \\ hose appointment. in I ï92. led to
his crossing the .\tlantic and taking up resi-
dence at
ewark, the I'rO\ incial capital
With him came a staff of officials to admin-
ister the aff.'1ir
of the ne\\ I'ro\ ince. including
\Ir. Peter Russell. a memher of hi
L"'ecuti\'

('ounci\. and the officLr \\ ho. sume years
later. succeeded Simcoe in the r .ieute;lant-
( ;O\'ernorship. The (;0\ ernor and his suite
left I:ngland earh' in \Ia\. I ï9 2 , and arri\ ed I'ARLIA \lnT STREET BAPTIST CHURCH.
at
iag,lfa on the 8th of the follo\\ing Jul
. Here. in the Centre of the beau 11londe of the PrO\ince, as an early tra\eller
t?wugh Canada f
cetiously remarks. (;o\"ernor Simcoe, in the month of September, summoned the first Parliament of L'pper
(anada, It ('onslsted of an L)lper House of se\en memhers. appointed hv the Cro\\n for life, and a Lower House of si"\teen
n>mhers, to be elected 1)\ the people. The J.Hter \\ere chosen. in the main, from the fanning and trading classes, the profes,
slon
. as }t.l, not ha\:ing had foothold in the I'rmince. The legislation of this primiti\'e Parliament, though unamhitious,
senslhh' met the rel)Ulremenb of the Cf)llntr
. One of its earliest measures was the introduction of the Ci\'il La\\ of England
and trial h,v jU? Other measures made prO\'ision for the erection of court,houses, jails, and such other public Luildin
s as
\\ ere reqUIred 111 the various districts Into which the PrO\ ince was at the time divided.
T,hese districts, which cancelled the di\Ìsions of the Pro\-Ìnce made some years before by I ord Dorchester, and to \\ hich
he had gl\en <;erman names in compliment to Cngland's Hanl)\'erian King, were a., follo\\s: the Eastern di
trict, cO\ering the

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16

THE FCTURE CITY IX SI.1fCOE'S DA Y

rl ,ion hin CT bet\\een the Otta\\a ri\er and the (
.lI1ano(lue: the \Iirlland, eo\ering that hetween the latter and the Trent; the
H:
me
r
iagara di,.,trict, e"tending from the Trent to Long Point on Lake Erie; and rhe "'estern or Detroit district, e"tending
10 the St. ('lair. Thes di,.,tricts \\ere again suhdi\'i(led into counties, and each of the latter \\.lS to ha\'e its jail and court-house.
rhus \\ ere the initial steps taken to open up the Pro\ ince for settlement, and e\'olution was to do the rest.
1\iagarol at thi,., period, if we cxcept Kingston, \\as the only place of importance in Upper Canada, and it naturally hecame
the !=radle of the \re
rern prO\ ince. It had, therefore, some claim to hecome the permanent capital. Unfortunately for the
t(mn, its nearne

to Cnited State" territor
, and the dangerous prm.imit) of Fort Xi.1gara, dashed the hopes in this respect of
ih inhahitants. To (;0\ ern or Sllllcoe's surpri,.,e. he found that the fort at the mouth of the river was shortly to be garrisoned hy
\merican soldieT\. .lI1d tll.lt it did not helong to King (;eorge. But this need not h3\'e surprised the Co\'ernor had he
cOlbidered for a moment \\ ith \\ hat ignorance the coloni.11 office had heen wont to gi\'e effect to treaties disposing of enormous
.lTeas in the r\e\\ \\'orld, \\ithout the slightest kneJ\\ledge of geogr.1phy and \\ith suhlime indifference to local considerations.
rhe folly of flo\\ ning Stred in regard to tre.ltY,Il1.1killg \\.lS not onl) manifest in the proceedings which gave effect to the Treaty
of Paris, contìrming the independence of the United States, hut was also to he shown. at a later date, in the Treaty of (;hent,
\\ hich terminated the \\ ar of I
12. B) the fonner, England not only lost a large slice of territory, but, in its ignorantly placed
.lI1d impracticahle line, ('anada has recently had to grope in the dark in fi:\ing the western houndary of Ontario, from the
notahle north-\\e,.,t angle of the Lake of the \\'oods. By the Treaty of (;hent, it is almost unnecessary to remind the reader,
Britain lost the whole of the State of l\Iaine, which hy right of conquest belonged to Canada, and at the time was ours with the
.. con"ent and content" of its people,
:\lealH\ hill', the location of a site for the capital was not long in ciouot. From the chronicles of the period we learn that
(;O\ernor Simcoe entered Toronto Ba\'. \\ ith hecoming state, in the month of lIIay, 1793, and at once selected the place of
landing a spot near the mouth of the I Jon a,., the scene of his future administrative operations, and made his cam'as-tent,
pitched on the ri\t
r h.lI1k, the germ of what he hastened to call the capital town of York,

CHAPTER IV.

THE FL'TCRE CITY IN SI\I('OE'S DAY ANI> Xl' THE RE(a
KIKG OF THE CEr\TCRY.

SIMCOF'" ;\IILI f.\RY (' \RI'ER. THE FIR'iT OFFICI \1 S OF UPPER C,-\ ''-\11.\. - TORONTO SELECTFD AS THt" (' \PITAI, 111 \ Y, 1793.
TH
()I H',\'" R,\'\"(;['RS CO:\STRl'('T \"0:,\(;[,: STRFET. THI' C\PIT,\L HEl'EI\ FS ITS l\,\MF, \'ORK.-
IE\NI;\"(; OF THL
\\'ORD TORo'\ 1'0. TORO"l/TO 1)1 SI<;'\"FD TO BF THI'; QUEBLC O
THE I..\KFS.- ()RJ(;IJ'\AI. TO\\"/I;-PIOT OF TOROl' 1'0.-
SII.... OF CASTI F FR \:XK Oi\! THI 1)0:\,",- (;0\ FR:\OR SJ\/COF'S I )FI'.\HTl'RF. (;F'\"FRAI BROCK J\PPE.\RS ON THE SCFl'E,
YORK AT THF ()PI"'\J
(; OF TH..- CI:'\"TUR\, \11 ETli\!(; OF THE FIRST P,\RLL-\\lI:/I;T 1:\ TOROi\!TO. - YORK I
1797
I)
'iCRIII
v H\ \ ('0'\ rE\lPORAR\. .\RRI\ AI. OF (;OVERNOR (;ORE. SOCIAL PHO(;RESS OF \" ORK.

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I '" r((.\ HE historical retrospect we ha\'e, in the pre\Ïous chapters, placed before the reader, will
'V', '
-: :',

'\ now enahle him t
enter upo
th
a
1I1als of th.e yet embryo T
)ronto, with a oetter idea
f( '
';<;:c;.,'..' tf. ,;''::/ of ho
\ t
e l'rO\ lI1:c, of \\ hlch It IS t
e capItal, was cal
ed mto ðlstence, and what
" .
A matenal, 111 the mam, came to the makll1g of the future city. In the vangu.lTd of tht
, '
-;.J4 army of peaceful imaders \\ere, as we hme seen, the U, E. Loyalists and the royalist
,'Ì ' J/_"1
i ,.,oldiery, \\ ho had fought and 10'it in the Revolution. \\Ïth them had come contingents of
, .
. ",- / "X' _
.;. - sturdy yeomanry, who had either entered the I'rO\ ince from the neighhouring Repuhlic, or

,(\ .
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./

had mO\ ed we'it\\ard from th,e hank
of the St: I:awr
nce to take advant.lge of the land

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grants of the newly-formed C pper (anada admlmstratlon, and hew homes for themseh es
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y'- in the \\ ilderness. In the þerso1l1lel of the administration there W.1S fine material for the
',
'I I, , :1
U\fJ:, re.lTing of a ne\\ commom\ ealth. Culond Simcoe, the soldier-(;O\ ernor, was himself a
j man of note. .\s Commander of the ()ueen's Rangers, one of the most effi('ient PrO\ in-
/'ial corp", p.lTt inf.'\ntry and part horse, that fought on the loyal side in the Re\"()lution.lTY \\'.IT, he rendered distinguished

eT\ice through the campaign,., of 1777 to 1781. Towards the close of the war he fell into the hands of the enemy, and becom-
ing imalided, \\a" !>ent home on parole to England. He was ,.,uhsequently released from his parole, entered Parliament, and as
a memher for a borough in Corn\\a]], took part in the debate<; on Pitt's Bill, the COIhtitutional .\ct of 179 1 , hy which the
PrO\ince of ()uebec \\.b di\ided into L'pper and I (mer Canada, On the passing of the Bill in the Imperial Parliament,
Colonel Sim, oe \\a" appointed Lieuknant-(;O\ernor of the Cpper I'rminceand, accompanied by hi!> \\ife, he proceeded at once
to the !>cene of hi,., future labours.
\\ Ith him camt.-. or on hi" arri\al \\ere immcdi.ltdy appointed to office, the following gentlemen, whose names, either in
the per!>on!> of tho
e \\ho then bore them or in that of their descendants, are f.'\miliar to the ears of Toronto citizens. Hon.
William ()sgoude, Chief J u"tiLe; \1 r, Robert (;ray, Solicitor-(;encral; l\[r. John White, Attorney-General; D. \\. Smyth,

A_'
D AT THE BEGINNING OF THE CEXTl./RY

Ii

Sur\'eyor-(
eneral ; Hon. Pder Russell, Recei\'er-(
eneral ; Thomas Ridout and \\ïlliam Chewett, .\ssistant Recei\'ers-Ceneral:

l.1jor Littlehales, :\Iilitary Secretary; William J.uÙs, Ci\ il Secrd.uy Ensign (aftef\\ards ('olund) Thomas T.tlhot, _\ide-de-
Camp, Early in Juh. I 79 2 , (
O\crnor Simcoe \\.lS sworn in at Kingston, \\ ith the fi\'e memhers of His E\.cellenc)'s E\.ecuti\e
Council. The memuers of this first L'pper Cmada Council "ere \\"m. Osgoude, Peter Russell, James Rlhy, .\Ie\.. er.mt and
"'m, Rohcrhun, Later on Robert H.uuilton,
Richard Cartwright and John
[unro \\ere
nominated Legislati\e Councillors: and still
later fifteen memhers "ere rdurned as repre-
sentati\'es of the people to the PrO\'incial
.\ssembly. Of this first Parliamentary budy,
:\Ir. John
l.1cdonell "as elected Speaker,
"hile :\Ir. John Small was appointed Clerk
of the Executi\e Council.
The first L'pper Canada Legislature,
we have already seen, \\as called to meet in
Ke\\ark (Kiag.ua) on the 17th of Sept em her.
I ï92, and its first session lasted till the 15 th
of the follO\\ ing momh. Hut (
o\'ernor Sim-
coe had other tasks to perform than to open .
and prorogue Parliament. .\ capital was to
be found for the newly-constituted State. ,\s
yet Toronto was a metropolis only on paper.
In the spring of I ïQ3, just before the second
session of the I egislature met, Simcoe set
out with a party in bo.lts for an e\.cursion
round the head of the lake, resoh'ing to lay
the foundations of the future capital at
Toronto. .\t the end of July. hming pre\iously disp.ltched some companies of the Queen's R.mgers to t.Ü.e pussession of the
to\\n, His E\.cellenC), on the 29th inst., left Sa\y Hall and embarked, as the Ga:;elle tells us, ., on board Hi" :\lajesty's
schooner lIIissi..-saga for \ ork, \\ ith the remainder of the Queen's R.mgers:' The troop established themseh-es under call\'as
by the (
arrison Creek at the mouth of the harhour, and Simcoe and his suite made a home for themseh'es in a large marquee,
which once belonged to Captain Cook. the na\'igator, erected on the shores of the bay, near the mouth of the I )on. Here '\'ere
soon to arise the halls of the L' pper Canada \ \" est-
minster, and near by was the rude cradling-place of
the future city, The troops "ere set to work, tìrst to
connect the site of the garrison \\ ith the nucleus site
of the cit). and aften\ ards to open up lines of com-
munication "ith the interior of the new PrO\'ince.
The forests. as )et. cO\'ered the whole country as \\'ith
.1 garment, so that road-making, while it was a necessar).
\\.IS by no means a light undertaking. \'onge Stred
(named after Sir Frederick \'onge, English Secretar)
of "ar), an arteri.11 line, connecting the inf.:mt capital
\\ ith the Holland Ri\ er and the watef\\a) to the \\ cst,
\\as the first great aehie\'ement (,f the troops. .\nother
import.mt undertaking W.IS the construction of] )und.ls
Stred, a post-road tra\ ersing the I'rO\ ince, and gi\ ing
access to the fertile regions of the \\'estern Peninsul.l.
The fine geographicaÌ position of the site pitched
upon for the city, ,\ ith the a(h'antages of a capacious
and ,\ ell-sheltered harhour, lent enthusiasm to the
work, which now went rapidly on, of gi\ ing to it form
and substance. Whm has ,ince been achie\'t:d has
amply justified (
O\ernor Simcoe's location for the
capital. "hate\er counter,attractions other sites pre-
sented, there is little douht that Simcoe in his heart
accepted Toronto. \\"e say Toronto, but this, as our readers know, was not the name he chose for the future city, The King's
army was then in Holland, and his second son, the Duke of York, had command of the continental contingent. He it '\as that
our soldier-Governor had it in his mind to honour; hence \ ork, and not Toronto, came for a time to he the name of the capit.ll.

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Sf, PAUL'S (A
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11'\

THE FUTURE CITJ' IX SIJICOE'S DA Y

\ \\ ord m,1\ be all 0\\ ed us here on the some\\ hat \ e\.ed signification of the word .. Toronto," Some hm'e erroneously
deri\ed the \\ord from the \Ioha\\k, and spe.lk of it as me,ming .. I'rees out of w,lter" -the reference heing to the willo\\s and
other treLS on the isl.1nd .1S
een at a distance on the lake, This deri\'ation I>r. Scadding than whom there is no better
.luthorit) II.1
told us i
a \\rong one, and ,lltmlls that the true meaning of the word, in the Huron di,llect, is .. Place of
\leeting. I'he tenll, \\e learn, W.IS a general one, and at an earl) period was applied to the region around Lake Simcoe, the
.. meeting-plao '. ot French and Indian \ 0\ ageurs amI of ro lilling b.lllds of the nati\'e tribes that peopled or frequented the
di
trict. .\fter a l.1pse of ye,us, hO\\e\'er, It was found cOl1\enient to limit the area cO\ered by the elastic term, and the name
I'oronto came to he applied e\.dusi\ dy to \\ hat its citi/ens now proudly designate" the <Jueen City of the \\ 'est."
I'hroughout the brief period of Simcoe's gO\ernorship. we see tr.lces of the milit.lry r,Hher than of the ci\'il administrator.
It was the ci\ ili.m and his (ullily he sent into the back woods, and he gave to the old soldiers grants of land in the front
to\\ nships \\Ìthin ea
) hail of the c.lpital. The c,lpital itsdf he seems to ha\'e designed for an arsenal. The
tcm n-plot he locates, \\ ith the Court House and P,uli,ullent Buildings, at a safe di
tance from the entrance into the
harhour, and the latter he protects by hluck-houses on (;ihr,lltar Point and at the mouth of the < ;arrison Creek.
In his communications with the authorities at <Judlec, he spe,lks of sending them" some observatiuns
on the milit,uy strength and na\'al cOl1\'enienr'e of Toronto, now \ ork, which I propose immediately
to occupy. I n writing also to the Secretary of \\'ar in Engl,md, \\ e find him remarking that.. \" ork
is the mOst important and defensible situation in Cpper (",mada, or that I ha\'e seen in )Jorth .\merica'-'
.\11 this I\as douhtless becau
e Fort Niag,ua \\,lS to be gi\'en up to the .\mericans, and, until Toronto '"
\\a
fortified, the ("olony \\ould he at the mercy of his old foe
:\Ieanwhile, ho\\ ever, the ci\Ïc growth of York went on apace. The
\\ ork of I.wing our the to\\ n rapidly advanced. "The town-plot, as defined
at this time," oh
ef\es our antiquary, Dr. Scadding,* "was a compact little
p.uallelogram, hounded on the west hy (;eorge Street, on the cast by Ontario
Street, on the north by I )uchess Strect, and on the south by Palace Street -
streets that still retain their original names. The loyal monarchical character
of the (;0\ ernor appears in nearly everyone of
these
treet names, as also in the names gi\en to
other streets, as \\ ell a
in the name of the town
itself. The main thorough fan, \\as King Street;
the ne\.t street par,llle! to it un the north was
I )uke Stred . the stred north uf that Duchess
Street, The boundary \\est\\ard wa<; (;eorge
Street; the nL\.t street parallel to that eastward
\\,lS Frederick StrLet, and the street 1'0110\\ ing
that \\as Caroline Street, \\ hill' the one succeeding
that \\as Prinees Street. The last street running
north and south \\',IS Ontario Street. (;eorge
Street bore the name of (;eorge, Prince of \\'.lles,
afterwards (;eorge 1\'. (",uoline Street COIll-
memoraterl his \\ ife, the unfortunate Caroline of
Ihun
\\ ick. I luke Street alluded to the I )uke
01 \ ork, Duchess Street to his \\ife, and FredLrick
Street was di
tinguished hy his Christian name.
The gener.lI name, Princes Street, was a ('ompre-
hen"i\e compliment to the other ro)al prinr'es,
\\ ilhout specify ing them. Ontario Street indicated
the tr,lck \\ hich. doubtless from time immemorial,
led dm\ n to the c.llloe,landing ne,uest to the
. carr)ing-place' on the Isl.lI1d, \\here the small \\mH.;" s
JI:lJICAL Cnu 1'(;1'. SU)IACII SrRI
.r.
craft pa
sing up and dO\\n the lake and tradin g t \ ' I I I ' fi d
. " , a or", were \\ont to Ie J te acros
the narrow neck of I,md there. Palace
Street \\a
,,0 .,tyled ber ause it \\as e\ I leeted t I th' . " I ' I . . .
, ,.,', . 0 Ie e v/{r saC! a to t le ,I ,lce of (,0\ ern me nt, to speak III Fn:nch stvle ;
I.e., the public hllll
mgs
or p,uhamentary and other purposes, to I\hich, in f,lI't, it did lead, do\\n to 182-1-." It is curious to
da)'
to look back on SlIllcoe s cffu<;i\e lo ) 'all y a<; ',. ' th I ' I ' ,
, ' ,. seen In e nomenc ,Itun: of aronto s carly streets. "'ithin the century. \\ e
ha\e e\ Identl) S\\lIng to the other c\.treme of democr,leY !
The first winter wa
"pent b ) ' the Covern I'" I h I' ". .
, '. 'or unc l:T c,lmas, am t e roo of the ( (Juno I (hamber was that of thc aIr\' tent.
I rbently a domestic !>hnne \\as reared b' H' F' II h . " .-
, , "....-'.) IS ,\.ce en('y on t c helg lts O\erlookmg the I )on, to whleh he ga\e the
amllltJou!> name (,I
tle I' rank lts site was' th" . ,
. , " across c ra\Ine, opposite the northern IlIllIts of St. James' Cemeter)'. 1'0 this

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* .. {'uwnt", 1'.1.t and Pre.ent: Historical and Descriptive," page 19.

summer hou,.,e of logs. a bridle-path led from the to\\ n. and communic,uion \\ ith it \\.b ,IJsO a\.Úlable by the meandering
,.,tre.un which bounded the city on the ea"t. ,\s the 1'.uli,lInent Building,., were not yet ere.,tcd. the (;o\'ernor periodic,llIy
returned to :"ii,Ig",lra to summon and prorogue the Legislature and direct the aff..lÎrs of :-'tate. He also undertook m.m

e"\peditions through the 1'rO\ince. to make himself acquainted \\ith the ,Ippe.uanct' of the countr) and h,IH'.m e)e to the \\ants
and well-being of settlers, TIlt' routine
of lift: W.ts occ,lsiOll.llly varied by till'
festi\'ities of a ball at
Jag,ua. and
b) the (;overnor's I.l\'ish hospit.llitie,.,
at :\',IV) Hall or under hi,., Llmous
tent. These hospitalitie,., \\ ould be
shared at one time by the Indian
Hf;Jnt. at another by an (>ld "orld
tr.1\ e1ler ami diplun1.lt. ('he subjects
of com'er,.,ation would then turn on
Republi{'anism and the fl:\"t>lted ('01-
onies, against \\hich the ne\\I)-formed
1'1'0\ ince was to be a buh\ ark and
wall of defence. t.:nhappily for the
I'ro\ ince and it:> capilal, it \\ould
seem these t,llks of the (;overnor
were 1',11' from pacific. and lest he
might embroil the King's (;0\ ernmcnt
\\ ith hi,., Republican ncighbour,.,. the
stuHI) 10Y,llist (;0\ ern or \\a,., tr,ms,
ferred to .mother post. In September,
I ï96, Sim{'oe left 1\avy Hall for San
I )omingo. and the 1'1'0\ ince th.n owed
TORO" ro S I'REF'!', him so much sa\\ him no more.
"ïth what devotion and sturdy fidelity he had sen'ed the King in his new 1'1'0\ ince of C pper Cm.llla. there is hardh' need
here to tell. .\s \\e have said of him elsewhere, he g,l\'C the Colony his e\en thought. and \\orked resolutch' to put it on its
feet. Could he have had his own W:1\'. it is not too much to say that it would not long have ren1.lined a mere stripling by thc side
of the nation to the south of it. But he W,IS too independent to be an official truckler. and had been brought up in a school
that knew little of dissimulation, The student
of histon' can ha\'e nothing but respect for
the bluff old soldier.
Hefore the first decade of the pre,.,ent
century had passed. the bra\\n and muscle
of the inhabitants had done great thing,., for
the to\\ n of York. E\ en the face of the
PrO\ ince had undergone much change ,.,ince
the withdrawal of its first administrator, ()n
Simcoe's departure the aff..'lirs of the c()untr

had passed temporarily into the charge of .:

President Russell. until the ('ro\\ n. in 1 ï99.
sent out a new Lieutenant-(;on:rnor. in the
person of (;eneral Peter Hunter. Hunter
retained office until his death in 1805. \\hen
he \\as sUCl'eeded in the (;O\'ernorship b) Sir
Francis (;ore. Gore, III turn, \\ithdrew to
England a year before the outbre,lk of the
war, and the defence of the Pro\"Ìnce fell
into the hands of Sir I saac Brock. the acting-
(;0\ ernor. "'hi Ie these changes in the ad-
mini,.,tration \\ere taking place. York had
gra\\ n and spread itself; ch urches. houses
and stores had been built; streeb had bt:en opened out which. though the) have long ,.,ince become unf.l,.,hionable. \\ere in
their day the home of wealth and the dress-paraùe of fashion. the Parliament Buildings had been wmpleted, and according to
British use and wont, had witnessed the ceremonial of many openings anù closings of the House Even the recesses of the neigh-
bouring forest had been imaded b) cour,lgeou,., settlers, seeking to found a home for themselves and their f,unilies in the woods.

A \-D .1 T TilE flEGI_\T.VING OF THE CE \7Uin:

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IsABELLA STkEEI' 11'OR11I SWF) \\ ES[' OF JAR\ IS STREEr.

:!o

THE FCTCRE rITY IX SIJICOE'S DA Y

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"'hen the centun opened, the l'ro\'incial capital was still hut.l little place, though the (;o\'ernor. in kingly phrase, was
\\ont to speak of it, in summoning his f.lÏthful Commons, a
" our royal town of York," Ih population, e,>c1usi\'e of ahout two
hundred soldiers, did not at the time c,>ceed a score or so of families. "'hen the Legislature was callcd together, it cost senne
effort to house and feed ., the f.1ithful ('om mons:' rhis \\c learn from a lettcr written hy the acting-( ;overnor in Niagara, to
S(lIne one in authority in York. on the occasion of the first meeting of Parliament at the capital. "As the Legislature,"
\\fite" l're,ident Ru

e1I, .. is to mect at York on the 1st of June [Iï97], it hecomes absolutely necessary that prO\'ision shall be
made \\ ithout loss of time for its reception. You will therefore he pleased to apprise the inhahitants of the town that twenty-
fh e gentlemen \\ ill \\ant board and lodgings during the session, which may possibly induce them to fit up their houses and lay
in prO\lsions to accommodate them.-- EÙdently there were uses in those days for a Lieutenant-(;O\ernor! Nor was the
.' market of the to\\ n, at that period, gi\'(
n to
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dainties , for the P resent \\ riter once came
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' a chum in Newark, hegging him" for sweet
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. mercy's sake" to send him o\'er a few pounds
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cidian. l\Ieantime, to the good people of
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'<:t,; li\in g ;" e"\istence mi g ht he a trifle humdrum,
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, , .;,...,ti,? · quite a political and social paradise, a eon-
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." place, Surveyor-General I >.l\'id \Y. Smyth
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' has left on record the following topographical
. . description of \ ork in 1797 :
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'.. , .. York," he says, "is in about 43
':(IIi-;:"
:;." degrees and 35 minutes of north latitude,
'9'1"

. and is the present seat of (
overnmcnt of
.
:; ,'.
" Upper Canada. It is most beautifully situated
"
. within an exccllent harbour of the same name,
--:: 'ì made of a long peninsula, which confines a
::- ; basin of water sufficiently large to contain a
. r consid-=rahle fleet
on the e)Þ..tre111ity of the
.J r. peninsula, which is called (;ihraltar Point, are
II..IIIWr CU1111nodious stores and hlock-houscs, \\'hich
'low- command the entrance to the harhour. On
the mainland, opposite to the Point, is the
(;arrison, situated in a fork made by the
harhour and a small rivulet, \\ hich, IJeing
improved hy sluices, affords an casy access
for hoats to go up to thc stores; the barracks,
..
heing huilt on a knoll, are \\e11 situated for
health, and command a delightful prospect of
the I.tke to the west, and of the harbour to
the cast. The (;0\ ernment House is about
1\\ 0 mile
ah(H' the (
'lrrison, near the he.ld of the harbour, and the town is incrcasing rapidly; the Rivcr 1>on emptics itself
into the harbour a little ahove the town, running through a marsh, which \\hen drained will afford most beautiful and fruitful
meado\\
. This ha
already heen commenced in a small degree, which will no douht encourage further attempts, The long
beach, or peninsula, \\hlch affords a most delightful ride, i
consiùered so healthy by the Indians that thcy rcsort to it whenever
indl
posed : and
o
oon ao; the bridge o\'er the I >on is finished. it will, of coursc, be mo
t generally resortcd to, not only
for plea,ure, but as the most comenient road to the heights of Scarborough, The ground which has he en prcpared tr the
(;O\ernment Hou,e is situated het\\cen the to\\ n and the Ri\er I >on, on a most beautiful spot, the \icinity of which is well
suited for gardens and a park. The oaks are in gener.ll large; the soil is excellent and well watered with creeks, one of which,
hy means of a short dam, may be thrown into all the "treets of the to\\ n. \' essels of all sires may he conveniently built here,
and .\ kind of terr.H'e or "econd hank in front of the tll\\ n, affords an e,>ccllent situatiun for a rope-walk (!) Thc remains of

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.1XD.-IT THE REGIXXf)'G OF THE CEXTCRl:

the old French fort, Toronto, st:lI1d a little to the \\ estward of the present garrison, and the River H umher discharges into
the I ake Ontario ahout two miles and a half west of that: on thi'i riwr and the I Jon are e"cellcnt mills, and all the waters
ahound in fish. In the \\ inter the harhour is fro7en, and affords e"cellent ice for the amu,.,ement of northern countries, driving
C/l traineall, The climate of York is temperate and well sheltered from the northerly \\ inds hy the high lands in the rear. The
Y onge Street leads from hence to I ake Simcoe, and the I )undas Street crosses the rear of the town."
Such is the picture preserved to us, hya contemporary hand of the appearance of Toronto at the close of the last century.
Few, we may he sure, of the rude forefathers of the then hamlet, e\'Cr dreamed of the potentialities that lay hid in the
emhryo city. ;'\jor, to look at Captain (;other :\lamÙ paper-plan of Toronto*, ideal as it is, would e\en the seer of the period
he likel) to predict \\hat the city would heeome hefore a hundred years had elapsed. As yet the chroniclings of the Official
(;a.ætte do not indicate a very fast-growing
town, The press of the period is chiefly
hurdened with the records of the going and
coming of the (;O\ernor or acting-(;O\ernor,
and the mo\ ements of the (;O\'ernment
schooners on the lake, as they carried to
and fro, on the husiness of the Crown, the
law-officers of the Province, and such na\al
and military magnates as \\ere in this part of
the world on His :\Iajesty's service. .\mong
the latter, in 1803, was the Duke of Kent,
uncle of Her Present I\lajesty, who, on p.lying
the I'rO\'ince a second visit, was entertained
at Yark, we learn, hy General the Hon.
,Eneas Shaw, one of the I'rO\'incial Governor's
Councillors. .\ still later arri\'al was the
Hon, Francis (;ore, who for some years was
to figure in I'rO\ ineial history as Lieutenant-
(;o\'Crnor. I juring his .ldministration, hoth
\ ork and the PrO\ ince continued to ad\'ance
in settlement. P.uliament \ oted sums for
the cOlhtruction of roads and hridges, and
made considerable effort to open up new
sections of the country. Postal f.lcilities
\\ere also inereased, and communication \\Ïth
I.ower Canada and the outer world hecame
more practicahle. .-\t this time, we learn,
the mail het\\een :\Iontreal and York \\as
hrought at lengthened intef\'als, on the hacks
of pedestrians, while the numher of post
offices in the t\\O PrO\inces was then under
t\\enty.
\\Ïth all the disadvantages, society at
the capital, ho\\ever, grew apace, In 1803,
a \\eekly puhlic market was estahlished in
the to\\ n, and in the following year \\as
erected "the church at York" -the first
.. meeting-house for Episcopalians," as it was
for a time termed, which suhsequently blos-
somed out into the Cathedral of St. James,
Its firo.;t clergyman was the Re\'. G, Okill Stuart, \\ 110 altef\\ards hecame an archdeacon in the Church, and for a time was
master of the Home District School at York. In the records of both church and school, Canadian sociologists \\ ill meet \\ ith
the names of many estimahle citizens who, with their families and their descendants, hm e heen intimately associated with the
to\\ n, as well as \\ ith the settlement and the political and social advancement of English-speaking Canada.
A few incidents in the professional and social life of Toronto at this period arc not \\ ithout interest. One of these is the
creation of the first members of the legal profession hy royal proclamation, in the year 1803. The honour fell upon the
follO\\Ïng gentlemen, who were facetiously termed the" heaven-descended barristers :"- ,I>r. \\". \,", Baldwin, father of the Hon.

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* This map was discovered some rears ago in the archi\es of the Colonial Office, London, br :\Ir. Thomas Hodgins, Q.C" and is in the
possession of that gentleman.

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1'ùRA- DCRI\ (; THE H:1R.

Rohert H.lld\\in, the noted later-day I iheral ; \\'m. Dickson, of Niag.ua; I >".\rcy Houlton, of .\.ugusta, and John Powell, of
York. If these \\olthy gentlemen of the early Upper Canad.I Har h.ld an e}e to fees, it \\ould seem that they must have had
difficulty in collecting them, for currency of all kinds was scarce, and only a system of harter in the main prevailed. If they
.ITe to he looked upon J.S guardians of the puhlic morals, there was, it would appear, much need, however, for their services,
for intemper.mce and
treet or.1\\ls, we learn, were then pre\alent vices. Inordinate tippling was at the period dealt \\ ith after
a utilitarian manner: ,\.11 persons, \\e read, guilty of drunkenness, were made to gi\oe a certain amount of lahour in pulling out
tree stumps in the puhlic streets, Nor, despite early legislation again
t slavery, was the holding and transfer of human chattels
wholly unknown at this period. While we hear of sl:l\es heing manumitted, we also hear of their heing sold or offered for sale.
In the Gll
et'e of the time, Ï\lr. Peter Russell. then admini,.,trator of the affairs of the Province, ad\'ertises for sale "a hlack woman,
named Peggy, aged forty} ears. and a hlack hoy. her son, named Jupiter, aged ahout fifteen years, hoth of them the property of
the suhscriher ! rhe \\oman," so sets forth the alh-ertisement, "is a tolerahle cook and washerwoman, and perfectly under-
stands making
oap and candles." The price set upon I'<:ggy is $150, amI upon Jupiter Junior, $200, "payahle in three years,
\\ith interc
t from the day of sale, and to he ,.,ecured h} hond." His E,>cellenC} is good enough to say, howe\er, that" one-
fourth less will he taken for ready money!" These are hut a few glimpses of the social life of the time.

CIIAPTER Y.

YORK. I>CRINC THE \L\R OF 1812

PRE\IO,,"Il"IO:l/S OF rHI: ('UlIIINI; S[OR\1. (;O\'ERNOR (;nIH;'s AIIVRFSS [0 rHF LI';(;(SL\[ITRF.. ('C)N(;RFSS I>FCL\RES \\',\R,
I'\I (lU\I ITlrs 1"1 THI' SrRl'(;(;I I'. BRnc.... AT THE CAPIrAL. B\1TLE OF ()UEE:'II!-.IT':'o/ Hr:U;HTS. I>F,\TH OF
BROCh.. TORo:'ll ro TWICE (' \I'ITRED, BlIRN r A "D R-\lL>lw. .bIERIL'.\N A [' I'\c....l:la; ('Ol.lIl\1:'11 IkowèIf C P. - RE-
j'HIS\lS FOR ('.\:'II.\lII-\N LOS';FS. \k('LURF'S I:\HU:\I-\"IIfY A[ Nl\l;\R.\. H.\I"J'I.E OF Ll'ND\'S I,\:'IIE .\NV CLOSF
OF rHr \\ \R.

EFORE the memorable figure of Brock appears actively on the scene, the clouds of \\ar had hegun
to stretch their murky curtain mer British possessions in Canada, and the mutterings of a por-
tentous storm \\ere already distracting the little to\\ n of York. In (;Q\'ernor (;ore's address at
the openmg of Parliament, in 1809, occurs this presage of the coming conflict: "Hitherto," says
His E"cellency, "we have enjoyed tral1lIuillity. plenty and peace. How long it may please the
Supreme Ruler of Xations thus to favour us, is wisely concealed from our \oicw. But under such
circumstances it becomes us to prepare ourseh'es to meet every event, and to evince hy our .real
and loyalty that \\e kno\\ the \'alue of our Constitution. and are \\orthy of the name of British
suhjects." ?\or \\crc the loyal citi.rens of England's ('rown in York slow to respond to the appeal
of patriotism. or indifferent to what was e"pected of them when the hour of trial came. In the
thirty months' conflict that was ahout to elhue, no community could well have given a hetter account of themseh'es. It is
\\ ith just pride that the Canadian hi,.,torian pens the narrative of the unequal strugt:k of those terrihle years, I X 1.2- q; for when
('ongrð,.,. on the Il)th of June, rR12, declared \\ar ag.lÎnst the ;\Iotherland, and took instant steps to il1\ade Ciluda, ('.mada,
with equ.II promptitude, proceeded to c.dl out her militi.I, and determinedly braced herself to resist il1\'.Ision.
The tutal popu1.nion of the Brilish Colony at this time did not e"ceed 300,000, of which only ahout a fourth was
,ettled in the L.:pper !'rovince. The regular troops of al1 arms in
the country, a,., the pn."ent l\r;ter h.TS else\\ here ohsef\'ed, did not
quite numher {.500 men, I.ess than a third of this number \\.IS
then in Upper Canada. With this snull hody of troops ('.mada
h.HI to defend a frontier of o\er 1,500 miles, threatened at man}
points hy a large and f..'Tirly disciplined army, with a population
to dr.11\ from of near!} eight millions. Yet, !.uch was the !.pirit of
her
ons that, hopeless as secmed the undertaking, she did not
hesitate to take the field at the fir,.,t signal of danger. Within a
month after the declaration of \\ar, the .\merican (;eneral Hull,
\\ ith an arm) of 2,500 men, cros!.ed the I )etroit Ri\ er and
entered ('anada. I ater on, at other point
, the country \\.lS
invaded, namely, on the
iagara frontier, and in I o\\er Canada,
by way of Lake Champlain. On learning of the imasion of the CA...MO............
western peninsula, General Brock cal1cd an emergency meeting

GESERAL BROCR.

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IDRA" DURI\'C THE 1I:1R.

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01 the I'rO\ incial l'.uli.lInent at the capital. desp.ltched somc r:ompanies of the 41 st Regiment, then in garri,.,on at \ ork. .wd
thither. \\ ithin a fe\\ da) s. follo\\ ed them. Colond Proctor, \\ ith the remaining companies of the 41 st, was ordered to reinforce
tlll'troops at ,\mherstburg. \\ïth the 3rd Regiment of York :\Iilitia, Brock himself set out. on the 6th of .\ugu,.,t, for the
\\ est. ,\t .\mhersthurg he 11.1S joined hy the Shawnee Chief I'ecumseh, \\lth \\hom and his Indian followers, Brock concerted
mL'.1';ures for the capture of Fort Detroit. Bv this time l:ener.11 Hull h.ld \\ithdra\\n his ann) from Canada and retired upon
the stronghold on the I )etrOit Riwr. Promptly carr) ing out his project, Brock put his !.mall force in fighting array and crossed
the ri\'er into :\1 ichigan. Before assaulting the fort, he summoned the garrison to surrender. The summons, to Brock's surprise,
\\as complied \\ith, and 2,500 .\merican soldiers ga\e up their .mns. Elated at his unlooked-for success. and enahled h) the
capitulation of the fort to more efficient'" ann the Canadian militia, he resoh-ed at onCe to return to \' ork. thereafter to cross
1,Ike Ontario and s\\eep from the
iagar.1 frontier other detachments of the enemy, By the 27th of .\ugllst Brock and hi

troops \1 ere hack at thc capital. \\ here the, \1 cre recèÌ\'ed \\ ith the \\arme,.,t acclaims of the popul.1Ce, t: nfortunatel), II hen ahout
to ,.,et out ag.1in. Brock's design to pre\'ent the enemy from mas,.,ing on the
iagara Ri\er lIas for the time frustr.lted hy an ill.
timed armistice, This had heen agn:ed to hy Sir (;eorge Prevost. \1 ho at the period held supreme command in 1.0\1 er ('.mada.
The armistice delayed action till the follll\\ ing Octoher, and g.l\ e the . \mericans time to concentrate a force of ahout
(',000 men. under '-an Rensselaer, in thc
ncighhourhood of I ewiston. .\t dayhreak
on the 13th the at" .wce-guard of the . \ meri-
can force effected a landing on the ('anadian
lunk of the
Î.1g.ua Ri\er, despite the
heroism of ih defenders, (;ener.11 Brock.
heanng at Fort (;eorge the cannonading. gal-
loped with his aides-de-camp to the scene of
.H-tion. and at once found himself in the
thick of a desperate onset. The story is a
hrief one. T\IO comp.mies of the 49th Regi-
mL'nt. \\ ith ahout a hundred of the ('.m.1di.m
militÏ.1, had for somc time heen holding the
enem\' in check. \\ hen the eng.1gement sud-
den" hecame general. ,\ portion of the
inv.1ding force, gaining the heighh uno!;-
served. from this \'.mtage-ground hegan to
pour a destructive fire upon the defenders.
Brock, \\ ith ch.u.1Cteristic gall.wtr), instantly
placed him-;elf at the head of the twops. \\ ith
whom \\ere t\\O comp.mies of the militia of
\' ork, and hastened to dislodge the enemy
from the heights, Conspicuously leading the
,.,torming part), and \\ ith the cn', .. Push on,
the York \' olunteers
'. on his lips. Brock \\as
struck hy a musket-hall and fell mortally -
wounded,
raddened at the death of their
heroic leader. the troops t\\ ice essayed to
dear the imaders from the fI.lIne-dad heights,
T\\ ice. hO\\ e\'er, \\ ere the) drÌ\ en hack, and
the !!.111.mt column of harely 300 men \\as
compelled to retire upon the \ illage and
\\ait rLinforcements. I're,.,entl) the,.,e c.lIne up. and under (;eneral Sheaffe the) now outflanked the _\mericans and drO\e them
o\'er the prLl'ipice. or, on the hrink of the rin:r. forced them to surrender. \ïctoryonce more rested upon British arms, though
ih lustre was grie\'ousl) dimmed hy he.1v) losses sustained hy the \"Ìdors, and hy the death of Sir Is.lac Brock, their loved
comm.lI1der. Three da)s afterw.uds they laid his hody lcmporarily to rest in a h.1stion of Fort l:eorge. and the Canadian people
mourned for the dead hcro,
In these pages it is not our purpose to trace the e\'cnts of the war further than \\e have done. .\11 we can properly deal
with is to record hriefl\' its effects upon the 1'0\\ n of York. and to sho\\ how hravely its citÌ/ens hore themseh-es in the conflict.
The B.mle of (.!ueenston Heights hrought mourning into many a I'oronto home. \\ïth (;eneral Brock there fell his acting
aide,de-camp, Colonel :\11'1 )onnell, the .\ttorney-(;eneral of thc Province.
umhers of the soldiery of York and the Home
District also fell on the hattie-ground, But the to\\n itself \\as now to suffer from a closer contact \\ith the enemy. In the
spring of the follo\\ ing )ear, the .\mencans rene\\ ed their efforts to capture Canada. Their designs included e"tensi\ e na\ al
oJleralions on the lakes, \\ith, if possible. the hurning or raiding of the Provinci.11 capital. On the 25th IIf .\pril. Commodore
Chauncey set out from Sackett\ H.1rhour \\Ìth a fleet of fourteen armed vessels. and 1.600 troops under the comm.md of
(;eneral I Je.lrbofll, ()n th.. e\"Cning of the follm\ ing day, the good peoplt: of \ <Irk sa\\ thi,., winged men.H'C pass west\\ard,

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oUI
ide the harbour, and come to anchor near the Humber. Ke\t da} the enemy landed, under con:r of a hot fire from the
fleet, and a column, headed by Brigadier Pike, advanced to attack Fort Toronto, The defence
both of the Fort and the town
\\l:re unhappil} \\l:ak, for Sir J.unes Yeo's contingent of the Royal Marines had not a
}et left its winter quarters at Kingston.
('onscious of the untenableness of his position, Gener.ll ShealTe, then in command at York, concluded to evacuate the Fort, and
(0 f.L11 h.lck upon the (0\\ n. Passing through the latter with his few "regulars," he proceeded eastward, ignominiously kin ing
the defence of the c.lpital to the enrolled militia. )leanwhile the enem) ad\anced on Fort Toronto e\pecting to make it an
l"hY prey. .\s the} pushed on in column to take possession, the fire of the fort haÙng ceased, suddenly there \\as a terrific
e\plo
ion and Brigadier Pike, \\ith 200 of his command, \\ere unceremoniously shot into the air. The powder magatine, it
,.,eems, had been fired hy an artillery sergeant of the retreating regulars, to pre\ ent it falling into the hands of the enemy, and
the fuse \\as lit, from all accounts undesignedly, at a horribly inopportune moment. Despite this calamitous check and the
consternation that ensued, the .\mcricans advanced upon the to\\n and received the submission of Colonel Che\\ett and the
handful of militia \\ ho h.ld not fallen in defence of it.
The exploding of the maga.lÏne and the loss of life it occasioned, put the invaders in no humour to treat generously,
either \\ith the to\\n or \\ith the people. York was not only taken possession of by the .\mericans, but the place \\as sacked and
many of the public buildings \\ere gÌ\'en to the flames. The Houses of Parliament. \\ ith the library and public records, were
burned, and e\er}thing of value that could be remo\'ed was put on board the fleet. The Re\, John (.lfterwards Bishop)
Strachan, \\ho h.ld recently come to York, was instrumental in restraining the wantonne
s of the enemy, in the lust of destruc-
tion, and in s:1\'ing from the torch not a little
private property, He was also enabled to
secure some modifications in the articles of
capitulation, and to effect the release on parole
of the Canadian militia and other volunteer
defenders of the to\\ n,
Unhappily the humiliation of \"ork
was not yet complete. Three months after-
wards, ('hauncey's fleet made another descent
upon the capital to revenge the aid it had
given (;eneral \ incent in his defence of
Burlington Heights, The town had to sub-
mit to a further scorching and looting, though
the . \mericans had soon to pay for their
wantonness by se\'ere losses elsewhere and
by grim reprisals in the later history of the
war. To balance the account Canada has
to show to her credit the engagements at
Beaver Dam and Stony Creek, the exploit at
Ogdensburg, and the descent upon Black
Rock. In these affairs, as \\ell as in the
victories of the next year at Chrysler's Farm
and Chateauguay, the loss to her arms of the
young Colony was fully counterbalanced.
On the lakes, fortune was capricious, now
playing into the hands of Chauncey and Perry, anon into tho
e of Barclay and Yeo. The year [813, as we ha\'e chronicled
ebewhere, dosed amid woe and desolation. The .\merican (;eneral :\IcClure, in command of the captured stronghold of
rort (;eorge, being hard pressed by Vincent's troops, decided to winter in Fort Kiag.ua. on the other side of the river. Thinking
Ills
afcty e\cn then endangered by the proximity of .i'J"ewark, he committed the inhuman act of turning out of their homes, in
the depth of \\ inter, about 1 SO families, including 400 women and children, and fired the town at thirty minutes' notice. For
thi,., harbarou<; act the Americans were held to a terrible account, in the reprisals which instantly followed, the surprise and
capture of Fort Niagara, and the consigning to the flames of all American \illages from Lake Ontario to Lake Erie.
There is little, as \\e haw said elsewhere, to record in the events of 1814, save the failure of the British attack on the
strong position of the Americans at Chippewa, and the crowning victory of the war, the Battle of Lundy's Lane, with which the
War of 1812 may be said to have practically ended. The Treaty of Ghent, which was signed on the 14th of December, 18 14,
terminated the protracted struggle, and left Canada in possession of her own. The country had been de\'astatcd, innumerable
homes made desolate, and thousands of lives sacrificed, in an inglorious attempt by the American people to subjugate Canada,
and supplant the (; nion Jack by the Stars and Stripes. The ordeal Was a trying one for the country; but her sons were equal to
the occasion, and she acquitted herself with honour, and carried to the credit of her national life that which has since
strengthened and ennobled it.

24-

J"ORÃ' DCRI,YG THE J1:-lR.

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TifF. NT-GIIIE5; OF GOrERXOR.'.; GORE, JI,UTL1XD, AXD COLBOR '-E.

25

CH.\PTER \'1.

THE Rf:(;I:\IES OF (;()\'ER
()RS (;ORE, \1.\ITI..\
f), .\XD C()I.BOR
E.

\'ORK -\f THF ClOSE n
THE "',\R. -THE CO\I!:'/I; 0.. THE Rn. I>R. SfR\CH,\:-I. -THI: :\1.\" ,\:-111 HIS 'Ion II, -THE 1.0\'\1
,\
\lI',\rRIOnC SOCIElT 0.. C.C.-:\I\fERI\L ,\LJ\'.\'\"CE
IEXT OF THE C\I'If-\L.- BEI;J"'\"I:-I\;SOF I'nLlTlC\1 IJISSE'\SWX,
THI" F\\III\ ('O\IP\CT ,\'\"O E\RL\ R\lIIC,\lIS\!. ,SfE\\1 0:-1 IHE L.-\....FS,- RISE OF PUBLIC BUILVI'\"GS.-:\I\;I;SIOl'S
OF THF .. .\'\"C1F
RÝ(;I\II:,"

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C R 1:\ (; . a considerahk period '
'oronto, or as It was still called, \ or
, suffer
d from the
) \\ par.lh-nng effects of the \\,u. i'rom the s\\ord and torch of the II1vader It, however,
I rallied \\ ith the return of peace, The cessation of hostilities in Europe brought con-
I siderahle accessions to the troops in Canada. and set free from the service of Mars not
a few \\ho came to the I'rovince to engage in more peaceful pursuits, .\mong other
recent acquisitions of the young capital \\a:> one who had already become a prominent
citiæn, and who was destined to fill a large space in the annals both of the city and the
PrO\'ince, In the first year of the war there had come to \' ork the Rev. John Strachan,
a di\'ine who \\as to be more to Cpper Canada and its lusty metropolis than a repre-
sentati\ e of the Church militant. From his first coming the to\\ n felt the stimulus of
his active and forceful mind. His earliest energies were directed to de\ ising means for mitigating the horrors and alleviating
the sufferings of the time. He founded and took a large share in conducting the affairs of an association, called the .. Loyal
and Patriotic Society of Upper Canada," the chief ohjects of which were to make provision for the \\ido\\s and orphans of the
war, to tend the wounded, and give succour to those whose homes had been made desolate, Of this institution. the late Bishop
Bethune, Strachan's hiographer. ohserws. that" it contrihuted more towards the defence of the Pro\'ince than half-a-do/en regi-
ments. from the confidence and good-\\ ill it inspired, and the encouragement it ga\'e to the young men of the country to leave their
homes and take their share in its defence." There \\as other patriotic work which, \\ hile the war
\\ent on, enlisted the energies, as well as the sympathies, of the resourceful young ecclesiastic. In
the chronicles of the time. Strachan is seen to haw taken an active, though rather aggressin:.
part in negotiating the terms of capitulation with the American invaders of \' ork. To him, in
the O\'ertures \\ ith the enemy, the to\\ n owed whate\'er clemency \\as shown to it, though his curt
speech and dour manner, neutralized only by the courteous address and genial ways of .-\twrney-
(;eneral (aftef\\ards Chief Justice) Robinson, ca.me near cancelling all that had been gainedJrom
York's rude <:"1.ptors.
Before passing on with the
histor\', let us take a closer glance
at the town's sturdy champion and
shrewd, though brusque, mediator.
Strachan \\as a }oung Scotch school-
master (horn at Aherdeen in 1778)
who had come to Canada in his
twenty-first year, \\ith some e"pecta-
tion of recei\ ing the principalship of
a college \\ hich was designed to he
founded by the Go\ernment and en-
dowed \\ ith a large grant of land
from the puhlic domain. On the
last day of the century the \'oung
dominie arrived at Kingston, where
he learned that, with Simcoe's de-
parture from the colony, the project of founding a college under the auspice:> of the Î.o\ernment, had for the time hecn
abandoned, He, howewr, had a friend in :\Ir. Richard Cart\\fight, an influential resident, \\ ho prevailed upon him to open
a school in the to\\ n and light the lamp of learning in the youthful colony, In this work :-'trachan æalously engaged, until
ha\'ing taken orders, he was appointed hy Bishop :\Iountain to a charge at Cornwall. ,\t Cornwall he comhined educational
with clerical work, and there, in \\ hat became a famou
preceptory, he taught many who \\ ere ere long to go forth to fill the
highest positions in the PrO\ince. In I8II, owing to the death of the Re\'. Dr. Okill Stuart, the first incumbent of St. James'

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IARKET, FROM THE SOUTH,EAST.

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THT. RL(;/JIFS OF GORL", J/. IITLI 'D, .IXD COIJWRXE.

('hun'h at , ork .1Ild the headma"ter of the. [ollle I )j"trict (;r,llllmar School. Strachan was im ited h\" (;o\'ernor \-ore to come
10 the rapila] allll t.lke up Stuart's \\or\... 1'0 this the )Olmg cleric consented. and, as we have seen, entered upon his duties
in the \'ear l!-i 12. \\ ith the outhreak of the \\,Ir, he identified himself \\Ìth all the nJllcerns of the capital, chi\alroush took
part in'it<.; defence. and hec.1Il1e the animating spirit of the I oya] and I',ltriotic I.eague. Ih- (;enera] Brock he was appointed
10 Ihe ('haplainl'\ of the troops. allll ere long he ro"e to a seat in the Legi"l.1tin; ('ounciL In this latter post, Strach,lIl suhse
quent]) figure" a" one of the mem-
hers of the .. Famil) ('omp.H't"
oligarch\', .md the mark for the
h.uhed arnl\\S of di"content and
sedition, later hi"ton knO\\ shim
onl), as it knows him hest, as the
first Bishop appointed h) the Crown
in Cpper Canada.
\\ïth the close of the W,Jr,
York set itself the task of ]a\'ing
ane\\ the found,ltions of its material
advancement. Immigration set in,
and the increase in population not
only gave a fresh impulse to the
L "pansion of the city, hut led to
the further opening up of the I'rO\'-
ince, \\ïth improve(1 r.lcilities of
communic.ltion, ro.lds and canals
were huilt, and at this period c.lIne
steam transit on the lakes. The
(;0\ ernment also hegan to redeem
the arm\' hills, \\ hich it is ued during
- the \\ar, and to 1);1) the w.u pensions,
This set money in eirculation and
made a c,l11 for hanks, which were
soon c
tahlished : \\ hi]c the I.egislature made large appropriations for the construction of roads :J.nd hridges, and for the founding
of Common Schoob. .\s the result of this acti\Ìt\" a new day da\\ ned upon ,. ork and the) oung Colony.
While the to\\n and the country \\ere thus making satisfactory materia] progress, the situation of aff.'lirs politically was
dep]orahle In hoth the l'pper and the [O\\er I'ro\'ince, puhlic feeling \\as aroused O\'er the irresponsih]e character of the
E"ecuti\ e Council, and found \ ent in many storm}' scenes in Parliament, as 1\'ell as in angr\" outhursts in the Radical pre's. In
the Cpper Province especialh there \\as a p]entiful crop of grie\'ances. .\mong these
\\e quote from our words elsewhere were the scandalous system on which the puh]ic
1.1I1ds \\ere granted. and the parti.llity shO\\ n in the issue of land-patents and other f:I\'ours
in the gift of the Crown. Immigran
s from the l'nited States, heing tainted as it was
supposed \\ ith Repuhlicanism, \\ ere the special ohjects of official dislike ,1Ild the \'ictims
of [egis]atÏ\e injustice and \Hong, Oppressi\e 1.lws were p,lssed ag,linst them, and an
.\lien .\et was rigorousl} enforced, \\ hich for a time deprivcd them of their po]itical rights,
excluded them from the pri\'i]ege of taking up land, and suhjected them to many indig-
nities, including arhitrar\" e\pulsion from the Prminee. The chief authors of these ahuses
\\ere the memhers of the E"ecutive and Legislati\e Councils, \\ho hy their close alliancLs
for mutua] advantage, came to he kno\\ n h} the rather sinister designation of the ramil}
(",mpact. For the most part they were of C, E. 1.0) alist descent, men of education.
OITUP} ing good social and politica] positions in the cih or I'ro\ inn not a few of them
heing connected h) famih tics and having at their dispos,l] offices of emolument and
other Cro\\n patronage. which secured for them a strongh attached, hut not always a
scrupulousl\' honest, follo\\ ing. I n the reforming spirit that no\\ set in, it must in justice
hL said, that \\ hatever good was in the administration of the time \\as hut indifferenth
acknO\\ledged. We may admit th,ll, at the period. pO\\er \\as firmly centra]i/ed in the
hands of a dominant and c"clusi\e class that all the puhlic officLs \\ere in thLir gift. and
that the entIre puhlic domain, including the ('ro\\n and C]erg) I and RL'Ln'es. \\as also
in their hands, It is true also that, through the patronage at thLir disposal. the Famil} ('ompact \\ ere enahìed to fill the I 0\\ er
House with thcir supporters and adherents. and, in I.uge medsure, to shape the I'ro\ inci,tJ ]eg;isl.1tion so .1S to m..intain their hold
of officI' and perpetuate a monopol} of PO\\u. That the\' used their positions ,llItonaticall}, and laid a hea\}' hand upon the
turhu]ent and disaffected, \\as abo true: but thcir respect for Brilish institutions, and their staunch lo\alt} to thè Crown, at a

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41

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RE\, DR. <;rAII\>I...-".

THE REGIJIES OF GORE, .MAITLAND, AXD ('Of HON.\E.

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time when Repuhlican sentiments \\ ere dangerously pre\'alent, were \ irtues which might \\ ell offset innumerahle misdeeds. and
"qu.ue the account in am unprejudiced arraignment. \ïe\\ ing the matter jur!iciall\". and in the calm light uf a later and hetter
day. this. \\ e \'enture to think, is the opinion that ought no\\ to pre\".ÜI.
In the period hetween the \\'ar and the Rehellion. the nomilul chiefs in the I'rO\ incial \dministration. \\ ho represented
the CW\\ n in the Colony. \\ ere (;O\'ernors
(;ore, \I aitland, and Colhorne. The rule of
these men e"tends from the period \\ hen
(;ore returned, in IS 15. from England to
Toronto. do\\ n to the) ear 1 83fi. when Col-
home \\as transferred to the (;o\"ernorship of
X 0\'.\
('otia, and :-;ir I"r.mcis Bond Head
came upon the tro\.1hled scene. \\Ïthin these
twenty \'ears the Town of York. as we ha\'e
in part indicated, nude great
trides, ()n
the lake, steamers supplanted the sailing-
packet in the passage to Xi.\g.ua. and an era
of e"tensi\e huilding operations set in in the
to\\ n. XC\\ Houses of Parliament were
erected on the
ite of those \\ hich had heen
hurned hy the .\mericans in 1813. Here.
in I 8n. Parliament was com ened, though
three) e.lfs afterw.uds the ne\\ huildings fell
a I)[e\ to the flame
. ,\ ne\\ Cuurt Hou
_
and (;aol \\as also ahout this time huilt, and
the sljuare on which it \\as erected \\as long
a place of rende.l\'ous for the citÌ/ens. Its
location was a little Wa\' north of King. he- !!1!r11 ,n.- .
tween Church and Toronto
treets, The
market. which was now enclosed. hecame
also a pl.1ce of public resort; while halls of
modest dimensions. attached as yet to the hotels, \\ere erected for mass-meetings and occasionally user! for the play .lIld the
dance, Xor did the citiæns of the time neglect the need of places of \\orship. In 1818 the first :\letho(li
t Church \\a
built,
and shortly afterwards the Episcopal Church of St. James was enlarged and remodelled. I ater still, came an entireh new
edifice, which, despite its heing of
stone. fire unhappily de\"oured in
1839, In the" t\\enties" were also
erected sacred edifices for the use
of the Roman Catholic and Preshy-
terian communions, To\\ards the
close of thi
decade, the York citi/en
also saw erected a ne\\ (;eneral Hos-
pital. a (;o\"efl1ment House, and
ground cleared for the buildings
de\otcd to the use of C"pper Canada
Cullcge and for a home for the La\\

uciety of the I'n)\ incl'. In 1822,
the Bank uf Cpper Canada was
founded, and four \ears hter the
C.mada I.mll Cumpany hegan ih
operations, :\or was the indi\ idual
citi/en slow to fashion a hume for
himself in .. :\Iuddy I ittle York:'
\hout this period were erected a
numher of family mansions. ...ome
(,f \\ hich to-da) retain their old-time
glory, \\hile others ha\t" gone into
BA'ih OF
Io'\ TREAI, COR"I':R OF \'O"';E A'\D FRo=, r SI REE. s. decline with the passing } ears. Of
the former are The Grange, Be\erIey House, and
Ioss Park; of the latter "The Palace," on Front Street, is a t} Pl'. fhe decade
is also memorable as that of the coming to York of William L}on
lackel1/ie and the increased troubling of the political walers.

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NORTHI':RN CO'\GREGATlO='AL Cill RCH, CHURCH STltH'r.

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IXCORFOR.ITIOX OF TOROXT{).

C H .-\ P T E R \ - [ I.

I,CORI'OR.\TIOX OF TORO:\TO.

rORO' 1'0 RrSl'\IF
IT
Oil' .-\I'I'FI.!..\ 1'1\ E. 1'0Pl:I,\R I>ls \FFFC 1'10"1 ,\1\11 POIITIC.\I CXRFST. THF HI<;H I'RERO(;ATIVE
ER \. rlu: F,\\III \ CO;\IP,\CT \XI) IT'; OPPOXEX rs. THE ,\HIS OF THF RFFOR\IIX(; SPIRIT OF THE rnlE. l;o.;cOR-
I'OR \110:\ OF THE CII'\ \1'111 ORe; \:\T17\TlON OF IfS MC'\"IClP\1. S\STDI. THE FIR
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L\\OR ,\XD eH\ COU:\CIL.
Sn\'l
\'ICs OF I'Rm;REss, .\ [.\I)\'s S....rTCH OF TOROXTO I.... 1836.

HE year 183
is memorahle as that which sa\\ the Town of York e"tend its limits and
'(' ) rise to the dignity of an Incorporated City, under its old historic name of Toronto, It
was a happ) idea that suggested itself to the minds of the .. rude foref.'lthers of the
, halnlet U that" ith the honours of incorporation as a city the place should resulne its
heautiful Indian appellati\'e. X or could an) thing be more appropriate than that the
great metropolis that was to he, \\ hich hut forty years before had opened as a mere
forest pathway beh\ een the I Ion Rivcr and the mouth of the harhour, should bear the
name associated in early French annals \\ ith the Huron trihes, known as the Toronto
nations, whose hunting-grounds lay immediately to the north\\ard, and with the
hlood-stained region long identified \\ ith their fateful history, In the four decades that had passed OWl' the town since its
earl) cradling-time, the iJlace had seen many changes, and its citil'ens had strivcn hard to plant Toronto lìrmly on its fed.
Slow as )d, however, were the successive stages of ci\ic development, and the visitor within its gates often mocked the preten-
sions, and, \\hen he shook its dust from his feet, evcn spoke slightingly of the SOcid). of the still "lJualid Provincial metropolis,
But \\ith the stocks and the pillory \\ere soon to go the humdrum and unprogressiw era of ..
Iudd\' Little York." Before
the hrighter day came, ho\\e\er, Toronto had to enter upon a conflict which tried the spirits of its sons, and proved, as \\ ith
fire, their sturdy claim to the rights and pri\'ileges of freemen.
.\t the time, as we ha\c sccn, political power was centrali7ed in the hands of a dominant and e"c1usi\'e class, \\ho ruled
the 1'1'0\ ince autocratically, and shaped the Provincial legislation so as to maintain their hold of office and reward, \\ ith
extensi\e land grants and other fa\ours, their large and not ovcr-scrupulous hodyof retainers, .\gainst this ruling oligarch\'
and the placemen of the time, Rohert eourlay, earliest of ('anadian Radicals, was the first to protest; and when he had been
harshl) dri\en from the I'ro\ince, his \\ork \\as a..tivdy taken up by \Ym. I.\.on :\IackenLie, who had removed to the city in
18:q. anù \\as now to become a prickl)
thorn in the f1anh of the administrati\'c
junto, l;ourlay had, in 1817, lit the flame
of discontent by his series of disturbing
questions addressed to the people of the
I 'I'm incc a<; to the retarding effects of the land
Im\ s and the arbitrary Iq!;islation, embodied
in .\lien and :,edition .\cts, passed by the
autocratic 1'1'0\ Î11f'ial E"ecuti\e, ;\Iaekenl'le
too\.. up and carried fOr\\ard the Excalibur
brand of the agitator, and \\ith it vigorousl)
"mote the Family Compact and the \\ hole
,,\ stem of pri\ ilege that had craftily wormed
itself into the machinery of irresponsible
gO\ernment. [n his paper, The Colollial
Ady'ocale, he \\armly e
poused the \\ork of
reform, and during a
eries of ..tormy rears
ga\e voice to the popular discontent and let
the light of da) in upon a large and un hal,
lo\\ed crop of grie\ances. For this patriotic
"en ice he \\a<; re\\arded hr seeing the young
Tor)dom of the time sack his priming office,
"m.Ish hIs prLsses to pie('l'
, and gleeful!)

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turn his fonts of t) pe into the Bay. Being returned a member of Parliament, ascended Toryism pursued him to the I,e
is-
!.tture and lÌ\e times e"\pelled him from the House. But not thus could the stunJ} spirit of the patriot be broken, for
\laåen.lÏe had nO\\ a large and sympathetic followin
, and as often as he \\as ejected from his seat, public sentiment and the
Liberal element in his constituenq rdurned him as a representative.
In this high prerogative era, Tor)dom, thou
h it was often nettled and sometimes abashed. was not yet worsted in the
fight. It had lon
been entrenched in office, and possessed not a few doughty champions \\ hose skill in the art of political
\\arf.1fe \\as great. and whose sources of strength \\ere the Crown and the lo}alist cries it knew well how to rally tu its support.
()f th
'"e champions, the most redoubtahle were the politico-ecclesiastic, the .\rchdeacon of York, and his chief liegeman. the
youthful .\ttorney-(
eneral of the I'rU\ince, Bcsides Strachan and Robinson, the leading spirits of the Family Compact, the
pri\ ileged order could call to its aid a numerous band of supporters, \\ hose names have hecome historic in the annals of
the cit\ and were then bandied ahout in
the rough tumult of the time, But if fossil
Tor) ism had its shinin
lights, so, too. had
) outhful Liheralism. If the one could point
to the Strachans, Robinsons, Boultons, Hager-
mans, Sherwoods, Drapers, _\lIans, and :\Iac-
Xabs, the other could pit against them the

Iackenlies, Rolphs, Bidwells, Bald\\ins,
Perr\"s, and Dunns. X or were the differences
slight ones that separated the two bands of
combatants. Each side, no doubt, considered
itself fighting religiously for a principle. In
the politics of the \oung colony, it was the
first sharp contest between privilege and non-
pri\ ilege, The one side sought to conserve
what it deemed its sacred trust and was
jealous of its own rights and pri\ ileges: the
other had little respect for Crown nominations
if it" nominees alJU<;ed their trust and would
pa\ no deference to the voice of the parlia-
mentary majority. In the struggle that
ensued, we shall better see what the reform-
ing spirit of the time sought to remedy.
I n the meantime the field of part\'
strife changed from the I.egislature to the
l'i\ic Chamber. \\ïth the }ear 183-1-, the
citi7ens of York had come to feel that the
ci\ÏL administration \\ould be more satis-
factor} were the aff.'1irs of the county sepa-
rated from those of the town and the latter
gi\'en a municipal system of its own, This
idea, at once progressive and reasonable,
met, hO\\ ever, with opposition, the Reformers,
strangeh' enough, opposing, while the Con-
servatives were in fa\our of, the measure.
Political feeling, which had long been at fever
heat, took sides in the civic contest; and
though Reform, perhaps fearing the evils of
increased centralilation, had at first scouted
the innovation, it finally accepted it, and in
the elections carried \\ ith it a majority of the
party as representati\l:s on the CounciL CU\UIERS' PRESBVTERIAl\" CHURCH, DUNDAS STREET.
.-\s the e\'ent is of some importance in the annals of the city, it may be worth while to note the successi\'e incidents in
the aff.'1ir of incorporation. In February, 183-1-, :\11'. Jarvis, memher for York, introduced into the Legislature a Bill emhod)ing
the proposed measure. On the 6th of
Iarch it received the RO\'al assent and became law. The main features of the Bill
con-;tituted the town a city, under the name of the City of Toront
, and divided it into five wards, with t\\O aldermen and t\\O
councilmen for each ward. The citi/ens were to elect the ward representatives, while the latter were to elect from themsel\"es
a ma}or. Thc combined body was to ha\'e the management of the city's aff.'1irs, and power \\as gi\'en to it to lev) such ta"\cs
as should he found necessary for the proper maintenance of the city's government and the requisite public imprO\'ements, On

IXCORFOR.-l TIO \' OF TOROXTO,

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LVCORPORATIOX OF TORO
VTO.

Ihe 15 th of ;\l:1rch a proclamation \\as issued appointinl!; the 27th of the same month as the date of the elections, The
follo\\ ing \\ ere returned as the representati\ es of the various wards:
\\ \({IIS, \1 PER
IF:'oI. COl'!'(("(1 \IFN.
Sr. .\'\"IIRF\\ 's . Dr. r. D. l\lorrison John .\rmstrong
,.. ,John H.1Tper.., "" .. ,John I)od
, . , . Wm. Lyon :\lackenLie, , ' . . ' Franklin Jackes
. . . ,James I.esslie . '" ,Colin I )rummond
,Thomas Carfrae, .II' John Craig
, Edw.lTd \ \ right ' (;eorge (;urnett
,(;eorge ;\10I1/"0 .Wm. .\rthurs
. (;eorge I )uggan, Sr, . I.anlner Bo
t\\ i('k
. .. .1>1'. John Rolph. .' Joseph Tunon
. (;eorge T. Denison, Sr. . . . . , , .. .',. James Trotter
()n the 3 rd of .\pril, the ('ouncil met and elected, as the first ;\I.l) or of Toronto, \\"m. l.yon l\lacken/ie. The instal-
lation of ;\1.\("kenLie into the ci\ ic chair W.1S naturall) looked upon as possessing some political
ignirll'ance; it was a triumph,
.It least, for the cause of Reform, l\lackenlie held office only for the year, hut within the period nnwh was done in the W,lY of
puhlic improvements, The first thing to \\ hich the
Council addressed itself \\as the mending and e:'\--
tending of the city's sidewalks and roads, To meet
this necessary e"\penditure, an applic,ltion was made
to the Bank of lJpper Canada for the loan of a
thousand pounds, hut as the city was already a
dehtor to the c:'\-tcnt of nine times this sum, the
loan was timidly refused. .\ contemporary docu-
ment shows, however, that an application to the
Fanners' Bank was more su('cessful, though the
money was had only on the personal security of the
:\layor and City Council. The cily then mended
its ways, In these days of liheral and suhstantial
street pa\ements, it is not a little curious to con-
trast \\ ith them the meagre and parsimonious
sidewalks of the year of Toronto's incorporation.
,\11 that was then allowed of a promenading area,
were two twdve-inch planks, laid longitudinally on
the chief stn:ets,
The stati
tics of the period, in other direc-
tions, shcm similar sharp contrasts het\\ een then
and now. Into thcse we have not space here to
enter, though it nuy he noted that the population,
in 1834, was under 10,000, and that the value of the
COIl I::C;F S Iia F I HAl'l IS r CH U I<CH. ratahle property \\ ithin the city limits did nut exceed
three-qu,lrters of a million of dollars. The" leap
and hounds" hy which the cit) has attained its present proportions, the
reader ma) reali/e \\ hen it is recalled that the then area of Toronto was compressed hetween the I )on and Peter Street, and
hetweLn Lot (or (Jueen) Street and the Bay. Outside of these hounds was an unkempt, if not impenetrahle, wilderness.
or
mu"t \\e forget onL at !Last. and the most dread, of the local causes of the time that retarded the city's alh'ancement. In the
) e.lT of incorporation. Toronto suffered from a \ isitation of .\siatic cholera. Every twentieth inhahitant, it is recorded,
hecame ,1 \ ictim to the fell scourge.
I n spite of thi" cal.\Jnitou
dispensation and the increasing political turhulence, the youthful city, impelled hy an internal
torce of ih own, continued to make progress. Stores, hlock
. churches, and puhlic huildings were huilt; new streets and
a\cl1UeS \\ere opened up; and man) f.lir family residences ruse solitary among the thick-set pines, upon what are now old city

itl'". \ et, in appearance, much of the tcl\\n \\as still rude and uncouth, This we learn from a picture limned fur us, in 18 3 6 ,
h) \Ir
. J,une"on, \\ife of the then I'rp\incial \'ice-Chalwellor, though its luguhriou!' tone was douhtless the product of the
.lrti
t'" depre
sed
I'irits, Sa\" !\I r
, Jameson (vide "Winter Studies and Summer Ramhles "), "\\'hat Toronto may he in

ummer, I cannot tell; they sa) it is a pretty pl.lCe. At present its appearance to me, a stranger, is most strangely mean and
melanchol). .\ little ill-huilt (O\\n, on 10\\ land, at the hot tom of a fro/en hay, with one \ery ugl) church. without tower or
"teeple; SClIlle (;0\ ernment offices, huilt of
taring red hriek, in the most tasteless, vulg.tr style in1.lginahle: three feet of snow
.111 around; and the grey, sullen, wintry lake, and the dark gloom of the pine forest bounding the prospect; such Seems Toronto
to me no\\." rhis ill-used, unhappy lady, we are glad to rememher, has left us a later and hrighter picture of Toronto.

ST. I ),\\ III'S. , .

Sr. (;n>R(;I""

Sr. L\\\RF'\(T

Sr. 1',\1 RIl'.....S.

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THE RERELLIO,\
TO THE UNH7JY OF THE PROrINCE.''';

31

CIL\PTER \'[[1.

THE Rr:J:EII.I<)\., TO THE In,lO\. OF THE !'R()\ïXCES.

RrFOR\' I"IRF' OF ,\';lr\I"I()'\ \'\"I> RFSORIS 1'0 RI:J:I"II 10'\. \lTIITI>I'. OF rill: Rt'I.II\(; ['()\\FRS TO\\ \RTlS RFs\,O;l!sllJll
(;O\FR'\"\II',\"I". R
'(;i'lr of :-'IR FR\'\"("(S HO'\II Hr\l>. :\1 \l"....1''\71 E...' SrI>II"IO\" ,\nPRFSs \'0 HIS FI"I LOW !'.\rRlors.
1'\"("(111':\ rs OF rHI RISI'\l;, R \11 \ OF rHF Y'\"SI'Rl;F'\"TS \1" ;\10'\ I'I:<HIER\'''' T,"TR'\. ("ORO,\ 1'0 TIIRI'A'ITI\I'lI
\:\n TORo'\ro (IFFL:\IHII, ()t I"I,\\\R\ OF r!lF RI"I:I"I. I.F,\lIERS. T!lF Rn:Flllo"l '\01' Wlrlloer ['IH)FIr.

\; I) ES ['.\ 1 R of effectin
rdorm through constitutional means, and e"\,l"perated 11\' the
,lttitude of successin: (;on..:rnors, who thre\\ the pre,lige and influence of the ('1'0\\ n into
the camp of irresponsihilit\, and pri\ ilq.:e, :\ lackelvic and the Radical section of his
allies werc dri\ cn to the despcratc .lltern;lti\ I.' of rehellion. Only h) such a ('ourSI.', it
\\ould seem, could the principles for \\ hich the Reformers contended triumph. and the
defiant E"\ecutive he made amenahle to the popular \\ ill. Only thus was it possihle " to
hreak up the Famil) Compact: to make tl1l' .\dministration röponsible to the repre-
sentati\ es of the people : to s\\ eel' awa) the invidious pri\ ileges claimed by the Church
of England: to promote a hetter ,;)':',tem of CrO\\ n I and manageml.'nt, immigration and
settlement: to è"\tend èducation tu the children of the poorer cia sse!. : and. generall). to
establish a less costh and more economical (;0\ ern mUll , that \\ ould spend less money on hi
h salaries, pensions and sinecures,
and more on roads, canals, and other \\orks of public utility." ('onstitutional measures of redress had been long tried, and
had signall\ failed. The popular Ch.lInher ('oulll do nothing, for its legislation was not only hurl-eel by the l'ppl.'r House, hut
the E"\ecutive ('ouncillors snapped their fingers at the .\ssemblymen and disregarded censure and the appeals to the Lieutenant-
(;on.:mor and the ('ro\\n, Xor was this done from mere \\antonness. nn the contran', Ihe ruling pO\\ers deemed it a
patriotic duty thus to deal \\ ith disaffection, and to resist to the utmost \\ hat was termed the encroachments of the people.
The integrit) both of the Crown and the Constitution, it \\as thou
ht, depended upon this course heing IJursued, 'loreO\'er,
the contumacy of the electors in repeatedly returning the popular idol, :\lacl-en/ie. as a representati\e to Parliament, had to be
repro\'ed : and this must be done, so Torydom reasoned though the hreaeh ):iwned hetween the Cro\\n and the Canadian
people. Even in the :\Iother Country, Re"ponsihle (;0\ ernment was at the time 1:11' from the goal to \\ hich it suhsequenth'
rcached. and rdorm had still Its hattles to fight. \\"1.' need not wonder. therefore. that in ih distant Colol1\' the popular
liherties had to he \\ rung hy in-
surrection from the grasp of pri\ i-
lege, and that a nisis had to he
passed ere the old Colonial system
ga\e pl.lce to self'gO\ emment.
:\latters were in no wa)
imprO\ ed by the home authorities
making a change in the Lieut-
enant-(;owrnorship, In 1835, Sir
Juhn Colhorne was superseded
h) Sir Franci, Bond Head, who
reached Toronto in January of
thefnllo\\ ing year. ()n :-'ir Francis
arrival. ecclesiastical jealousics
had added fuel to political fer-
ment. over the erection, hv his
predecessor in office, of fift) -si"\
rectories out of the landed estates
known as the" Clergy Reserves."
Thi>; act raised the hostilit) of
the denominations to\\anls the
Crown, though among the Re-
formers it \\,lS thought that the
new (;O\emor \\as friendly to
their views, and wuuld aid them

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TIfE REBE1J10.\: TO THE CXIO \' OF TlfE PROl'L\'CE.')'.

in the redru." \)f their grie\':"lI1ces, rime soon showed that this was a misconception, Xot only did the (;0\ ernor oppose
the popular demand for an electi\e l.egislative Council and .1 responsihle E"\ecuti\'e, hut, failing in his attempt to hrihe three
Reformers \\ ith "eab in the E"\ecuti\t
, he thre\\ himself, with foolish partisanship. into the arms of the Family Compact.
I n the popular Chamher the natural re"u\ts follo\\ ed -the Rdurm dement denounced the (;overnor, and for the first time the
Hotbe rdu"ed to \ote the supplies, Sir Francis rdorted hy disso!\'ing Parliament and unconstitutionally appealing himself to
Ihe people. Every de\ ice \\as resorted to in the effort to prejudice the cause of Rdorm, The day \\as won by the Tories, and
the (;0\ ernor. dated at his success, hecame a thorough partisan, ami still further widened the hreach between the (;0\ ernment
and tilt: people.
In 10\\,:[ (',mada, a somc\\hat similar state of things prevailed, and precipitated the rrisis that nU\\ fell upon the whole
countn. In hoth I'rU\ inces. Imperial authorit) \\as renounced, disaffection dasped hands, and balked Reform slid into
rehellion. In the dosing da)s of July, 1837, :\lackenLÏe organi/ed a .. Committee of \ïgilance," to guard the interests Reform
had in \ iew ; hut the \ iolent appeals it issued soon inflamed the heart of sedition, and the ne"\t mo\ e was a hostile demonstra-
tion and the attempt to erect a revolutionary government. rhat armed resistance to authority was now the game, is sufficiently

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seen from the inflammatory handhills \\ hich the leading spirit of the movement issued. calling upon his fellow "patriots " to
rise and strike for freedom. Here are a few rather spicy e"\tracts :
.. ('anadians: (;od has put it into the hold and honLst hearts of our hrethren in r ,ower Canada to re\'o\t-not again'it
Ia\\ ful hut against unla\\ ful authorit). The Im\ says we shall not he ta"\ed without our consent hy the \'oice of the men of uur
choice: hut a \\icked and t)rannical (;O\ernment has trampled upon that la\\, rohhed the exchequer, divided the plunder, and
deci.lred that. regardless of justice, they \\ ill continue to roll in their splendid carriages and riot in their palaces at our e:xpense ;
that \\e are poor. spiritless.. ignorant peasanb, who \\ere horn to toil for our hetters. * * You gi\'e a bount) for wo!\'es'
"calp", \\ h)? Because wol\'es harass you. The hount)' you must pay for freedom (blessed word
) is to give the strength of
\ our arms to put dm\ n t) ranny at Toronto, One short hour will deliver our country from the oppressor, and freedom in
religion, peace and tralllluillity, elluallaws and an improved country, \\ ill he the prize, * * \\ e have given Head (the
(;O\ernor) and his emplo)ers a trial of forty-five years, five years longer than the Israelites were detained in the wilderness. The
promised land is now before us -up then and take it -but set not the torch to one house in Toronto, unless we are fired at
from the hou!,Lj, in which case sdf-presenation will teach us to put dO\\n those who would murder us when lip in the defence
of la\\s. * * *
.. \far!.. my \\ords, ('anaclians
The struggle has begun-it \\ill end in freedom; hut timidity, cowardice or tampering
on our part, \\ ill only delay its dose. \\' e cannot he reconciled to Britain. \\0 e have humbled ourselves to the Pharaoh of
England. te the
lini"ters and great people, and they \\ ill neither rule liS nor let us go. \\' e are determined never to rest until
indepcndence i" our" -the pril'c is a splendid one. .\ country I.lfger than Fr,Ulce or England, natural resources equal to our

THE REBELllO
\
TO TIfE [TlOX OF THE rROl'L"CE.
'.

:
3

mo
t boundless \\ ishes, a Government of equal laws, religion pure and undefiled, perpetual peace, education for all. millions of
acres for land re\'t
nue. freedom from British tribute, free trade \\ ith all the world -hut stop
I never could enumerate all the
hlessings attendant upon independence!
"Cp, then, hr.l\'e Canadians! Get ready your rifles and make <;hort \\ork of it ; a connection with England would
im'oh'e us in all her wars, undertaken for her 0\\ n advantage, never for ours. "ïth (;overnors from Engl.lI1d we will ha\ e
brihery at elections, corruption, \il1ainy and perpetual discord in e\ery tU\\nship; hut independence \\ould gi\'t
us the means
of enjo\ ing many blessings. Our enemies in Toronto are in terror and dismay . they know their \\ ickedness and dread our
\engeance. * * "'oe to those who oppose us, for 'l
od is our trust.' "
The publication of this incendiary tractate, we need hardly say, laid its \\ riter open to the grim courtesics of the 1:1\\ ;
and the. \ttorne) -l
eneral of the Province naturally informed the (
overnor that :\IackenLie should he proceeded against for
treason. The l
overnor acquiescing, a warrant was issued for the rebel's arrest. But :\lackenLie had fled ere he could be
apprehended, and \\as no\\ busy gathering the clans of revolt for the descent upon the capital. Besides :\lacken/ie, among the
leading Cpper Canada plotters of rebel1ion, were :\Iessrs. '>an Egmond, Perry, Lount, Matthews, I )uncomhe, :\[orrison. :\Iont

gomery. Price. Gorham, Doel, Gibson. (;raham, ,\nderson. Ketchum, Fletcher, Lloyd, \\ ith other Toronto citi/ens and yeomen
of the county. Other influential s) mpathiærs there were, such as Rohert Baldwin and :\larshal1 Spring Bidwel1, who stopped
short, hO\\'e\ er, .1t actual and overt rehellion. Another name, that of Dr, John Rolph, is to he added to' the hlack list, though
he belonged to the numher of astute rehels, in more or le<;s open disguise. The chief leaders of the revolt in Lower Canada,
it i
hardly necessary now to say,
\\ere Papineau, Dr. \\'olfred l\elson,
and Etienne Carrier.
"ïth the incidents of "the
risin
." we have sp.1ce only to deal
hriefly. The seditious movement
seems to ha\e dra\\n into its \'ortex
the ) eomanry chiefly of \' onge
Street, e"\tending from the northern
:-:-
hound.try of the city northward to
.,... .
Xe\\market and Holland I
'lnding.
The ral1ying-place of the insurgents
\\ e naturally find. then:fore, \\ as
:\Iontgomen"s Tavern, on \' onge
Street, situate ahout a mile heyond
I ker Park, the northern suburb of
Toronto. Here, in the opening
da} s of I >ccemher, gathered :\Iac-
ken7ie's rank and file, including the
Toronto contingent, which used to
meet clandestinely at Doers brewery,
on Bay Street, with a sprinkling of
moderate Reformers from other parts
of the Province, nO\\ goaded into
acti\ e rebel1ion. Arms and accou

trements had already been quietly
passed ahout. and there was much leaden stir in the melting-pot to provide the requisite bullets. So far, Tor)dom in the cit)
had not taken much alarm. \\'hat regular troops were in garrison had been de<;patched to lower Canada hy the (
O\ ernor. to
the assistance of menaced la\\ and order in that PrO\ince. By the IJremiling indifference and limpness of official authorit),
Toronto il1\'ited its doom, But its doom, ho\\ever sternly rebeldom had decreed it, was not )et.
The date fi\ed for the descent upon Toronto was original1y the 7th of December. On Sunday, the yd, \\ hen :\lackenlÏe
reached the appointed rendez\'ous, he learned with surprise that Dr. Rolph had changed the day to the -t-th instant. \\'hy
this had heen done was at the time not clear, though it was surmised that it was in consequence of preparations being
made by the authorities to put Toronto in a state of defence, and that delay would be bad for the rehels and good for the
10) alists, The insurgent chief determined, however, to find out the real position of affairs, and \\ ith that purpose he set out
after dark for the city, accompanied by three of his troopers a<; a bod\'guard. On the way they met two men on horseback. one
of whom was :\Ir. John Powell, an Alderman of Toronto, who were proceeding a<; spies in the direction of the rebel camp.
:\Iackenzie's party, being two to one, took the citizens prisoners and sent them on to :\lontgomery's, in the custody of two of
the insurgents. But care, it seems, had not been taken to divest one of them at least of his concealed \\eapons. Taking
advantage of this oversight, Alderman Powell, on the way, drew a revolver and killed one of the guard, then wheeled about and
galloped for the city. Overtaking
Iackenzie and his companion, shots were exchanged on the highway, but without effect on
either side; and Powell continued his flight to the town, where he aroused Governor Head from his bed and with him routed

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RESIUE:-'CE OF MR. C. \\'. BL =-1 I:-'G, \!L'EE=-'
PARK.

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TIlE RLHELLIO
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TO THE r..:_\70N OF THE FROrINCE.s:

I tl riti" :lnd ,",ummoned Toronto to arm" :\Iid cbng;our of hells, news of the impending d:lnger W:lS speedil}
lip t 1L Cl\ IC:lU 10 eS . ' . , .'
. I C ' ., . 1 1
I I I \ t IIIU ,", t . 1' , d at the cit\ h:l\l and \\ere :lflned :lnd:l "trong pld-.ct W:lS desp:ltched)y 01. htlgl I IOn,
Irmte( :I lout, \ 0 un eel''' ,e e . . . , , . . ' '
I \ I . t (' I to rU:lnl the cit\ on the north :-'0 n::l1 now W:lS the fflght. th:lt the 1.leuten:lnt-( rcvernor S f:lnllly
leput\ (JUI.1I1 - ,L'ner:l, b' - '" , '. '. " ,'. ,
I d t I I' I ' ll tll . Ill rhour for s'lfe kee l )IIl". I he ne"\t d:l\, puhhc tremor contmued, :lnd It \\:lS mcre:l"ed
\\en .,dll on 10:11' :I" e.ln e e. .. t> - , '
h ' II ' I' :1 " 1 (I I ' oroll\() tll
t l ' ll "" llùl ' lr ism \\:I,,:lt \\01'1. and that:l 10Y:lli"t h.ld heen shot hy the rehels, whlie on his
\\ en IIlte Igence e.
' Ie ..

.' . . .' , , - , ,- , , ,
ft ' I '" ' . C I' tll . d ,c" n "" of tll " cit ) , The \Ïctlln W:lS LIt:ut.-( 01. ;\loo(l1e, of lZichmond H 1\1, a retired officer
\\.1 \ to 0 er liS 'òef\ I( l''' 10 e elL

'
"f thL :lfllI\.
In the me:lI1\dlile, the IIlsurgents continued to mass at \Iontgomery's, and thither. on Tuesd:lY, the 5 th , came Rohert
B.lld\\in :lnù 1Ir. Rolph, on an emh:lss) from the l.ieuten:lnt,(;U\ernor. Being \\ithout written credentials, J\lacken/ie refused,
hO\\e\er, to tre:lt \\Ïth them. Th:lt the) \\ere un:lccredited \\as probahl) due to the equinwal position Dr. Rolph h:ld :lssumed,
,lI1d to a douht in the (;overnor's mind of that gentlem:ln's I>olla fides. Howe\-cr, nothing C:lme of the p:lrley. "'ednesday

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P:l"""'ù \\Ïthout :In) action heing taken, the insurgents frittering away v:llu:lhle time in fruitless discussion. "ïth the morrow
.Irri\ed ('olonel \:In Egmond, :In old French offi('er, who had sef\'ed under
:lpoleon. and who was at once given the military
. ..mmand of the rehel forcL Thi" old campaigner \\ent energetically to \\ork. He Sent p:lrt of the insurgents to the cast of
the cit\ to dL'"tro) the I Ion Bridge, to cut off communication, and to endea\(lur to clivert to that quarter a portion of the force
that ",h no\\ ha"tening from the \\e"t to the defence of Toronto. ()f the 1.ltter, a brge contingent had arrivcd from Hamilton,
under ('olonel (:lftemanb Sir .\\lan) \l.l<"l\ah.
( )n the ,,:lme d.l\ (rhur"d.I)) the m.lin column of the rehels, "omewhat 'ò11funken from its original strength of 700 men,
pre".,...d fomard upon roronto. Simultaneou,,\) the \oyali"ts, in numher ahout 900, moved out from the city. rhe btter were
, ommamled 11\ Colonel Fit/gihhon, \\ ith Colond ;\l.lC;\:lh at the he:lcl of .. the :\lcn of Core." Loyal contingents were :llso
und, r tht' direction of ('o\onel" ('hi"llOlm :lnd Janis, :lssisteù h) J\lr, Justin' :\kl can. Between one and t\\O o'clock in the
d.,\, thL t\\O force" confronted each other, The) confronted e:lch other, hut there was no engagement. H.ndly was there e\en
a c- lIalt\. 1\\0 fielcl-plen" laboriou"l) dragged hy the 100.lli
b to the ground, \\ere hrought into requisition, but the insurgents
dJ(1 not .,t.I' to seL thL "ullen fun. \11 there \\as to the fight \\a'ò a couple of random \olle)s of musketry, :lnd a promiscuous
rctrl It 11\ the rehel.. to their ono' defl.lIlt he:ldquarter", the Ta\ern. Of cour
e, there was a speedy dispersion of the whole rehel
.lfIl1\ \l.1cken/ie :lnd Rolph took to flight, the former, though outlawed and \\ ith a rew:lrd of L, I ,000 upon his head, con,
tinum for.1 tim, ((
ih' trouhle on the frontier. For two others of the in
urgents there was an unhapp) scquel. Outraged
loyalt\, \\ hdl it had captured S.lInuei I ount :lnd Peter \btthe\\
, hanged them.
rhu
end'd, in .1 fiasco, the ri
ing of '37. But 111 other wa)s rehellion was not without profit. It hrought its
rLform
. though at th, time it \\a,> freighted \\ ith e'òtranging pas"ion
and "ucial disorder. \\ïthout it, political :lbuses might
1I0t ha\L had" -I", ,-1\ .. n.:drc--. and more di"t.lI1t \HJUld ha\ L heen the morrO\\ that brought to the Colony the boon of self-
':0\ ermnent.

TilE C.J.YIO.\
TilE RAIL 1I
1 r ER./, AXD THE FEXI,JX R.JID,...:

35

CHAPTER IX.

THE UNI01'., THE RAILWA\' ERA, AKD THE FE
I \
R.\I1>S,

HE (;AD,S OF REIIEI.1.l0:>l. - LORD DURHAJ\I'S I\IASTERL\ RFPORT. (;"'110:>1 OF THF Two C<\:>I,\DAS. - l'OLIrICAI. (2l'ESnONS
OF THE TnIF: DISPOSAl. OF POLITIC-\L PRISONERS, REIIELI ION LOSSES BII L, A:>IIJ RFPRFSE:"T,\TION 11\ POPUL\TIOX.-
LORD
1t:"rc.\1 FE A:"II TOR\ RULE,- LORD EU;IN ANII CO\lPLErE SE\.F-(;OVERN
IFNT. TORO'lTO YISI rFI' II\' FIRE
A:"I' I'FSTII E:-JCE. - rHE RAILW.\\' ERA AND THE RECIPROCIrY TRFAT\'. FOl'NDI:"(; OF COJ\l\IO:>I SCHOOl. EDUC-\TION.
_ THE
IUXlCIP,\L SVsrF.:\1. YISIT OF THE PRINCE OF ".ALES. - THE "'AR OF SECFSSIOX ,\NII THE FFNI-\:I: R \I\JS.

RITISH integrity and supremacy, though they were imperilled, were not overthro\\n in
Canada, hy the seditious disturhances in the two old 1'1'0\ inces. Rehellion, while it was
a vent for the discontent and disaffection of the time, was, in its national consequences,
no more than this; though it hecame the means of social and political amelioration, and
gave birth to a new constitutional era and a more prosperous period of industrial den.:lop-
ment. It won for the political ahu
es, under which the people had long smarted. the
attention of the Imperial authorities; and though the relief which \\as granted \\as at
first an imperfect application of the principle, the ultimate concession was the hoon. in
full measure, of Responsihle (;overnment. Besides the question of mini"terial account-
ahility, there were other complications of a more or less emharrassing kind, \\ hich con-
I"ed the main issue in the minds of British statesmen, and delayed for a time the fair \\Orking of the applied remedy, Of
le"e complications, we need mention hut two: the Clergy Reserves imhroglio, and the racial conflict in the I.ower Province,
here the British .1I1d Protestant minority had to fig:ht French nationalism, which thus early began, under British rule, to
.huild French power on the St. I Ä'1\\ rence. These domestic complications for a time hewildered British administrations, in
Il:ir conciliatory attempts to provide a legislati\'e modus vivendi, though Lord Durham's masterly Report, had it heen fully
_'cepted and followed, would have made the way
I.tin for English statesmen. But in the Old Land
Ie day of liheral concessions to a colony had scarcely
.:t come, while even in England there was much
ill to achieve ere Reform could be said to have
lere done its work,
It was some time after the events related in
ur last chapter ere the fever of political disrontent
hated in Toronto. The troubles hrought in their
-ain two topics which for a while kept the political
ot simmering. These were the disposal of the poli-
I'al prisoner
, and compensation, especially in the
.ower I'ro\Ïnce, for the rehellion losses. Kor were
latters quiet on the frontier. Canadian refugees.
lstigated hy American ad\'enturers, there gave trouhle
:1 the (;ovcrnment. Though the active spirit of re-
.ellion was crushed, disaffection still smouldered. Nor
".IS the feeling of insecurity and unrest allayed until
;mernor Head had resigned, and his immediate
uccessor, Sir (;eorge .\rthur, had come and gone,
\ïth the appearance of Lord Durham on the scene,
ff.'1irs hegan to mend. This nohleman had been
ppointed (;0\ ernor-( ;eneral h\ the Liheral .\dmin-
-;tr.ltion of I.ords (;rey and
Ielhourne. and was to
ct as High Commissioner for the adjustment of the
mportant political questions that disturhed the t\\ 0

anadas; and for this duty he was clothed \\ ith
pecial powers by the British Government. For the
)erformance of his high task he was admirahly fitted,

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THE ['.\/0.\. TilE R.Jlf WI}, ERA. AXD THE FE1\7.4X R.t/DS.

:1IId hi!-o delegated pO\\l'r
he c"\erci
ed on the side hoth of mercy and of justice, Unfortunately, in the fulfilment of his
dutie
, he \\.1'.. not ahle to satisfy hi!-o Iml'erialmasters. and, incensed at the opposition some of his act,; met with in England, he
.lhrupth re..igned his officl' and \\ ithdre\\ from hi
mi"sion.
['he Durham .\dministration, however, brought important results. It was the turning-point in the political history of
the ('anadas ; for while in the country his Lonlship had pfl:pared an elahorate report on the situation of affairs, and this states-
manlike document he !-oulllnitted [0 the Home (
O\'ernment, and, in the main, his views were acted upon, In a dear, bold, and
di!-opas
ionate manner, I oftl I }urham set forth the difficulties hesetting gO\'ernment in the Canadas, amI, with rare prescience,

ugge!-oted a confederation of all the British
orth American Provinces. Admitting that this project was too great for immediate
fulfilment, he contented himself \\ ith pressing upon the Imperial (
U\'ernmcnt and Parliament a modification of his scheme, in
Ihe I egi
lative l.!nion of C'pl'er and Lower Canada, This idea presented itself as a more feasihle one; and to givc it effect,
the British Cmernment
ent out to the colony the Hon. :\lr. Poulett Thomson (afterwards Lord Sydenham), who undertook,
at a special council convened in lower Canada, to draft a hill uniting the two Provinces, and to ohtain the acceptance of the
measure h) the t\\O political parties in hoth sections of the country. The di
tinctive pro\'Ïsions of the .\ct (of 18-1- 0 ) \\ere that
the t\\O PrO\inces should be united under one (
overnmcnt; that there should he one Legislative Council and one Assembly,
\\ ith equal representation 111 both branches; and that the E"\ecutive Council should hold office only so long as it, as a hody,
commanded the support of a majorit} in the popular Chamher. Thus was gained \\ hat Reform had long and wearily contended
for- government by the people, the
essential principle of responsible
political rule. The ünion Hill was
passed in the Imperial Parliament
on the 23rd of July, 1840, and it
came into force in Canada in Feb-
ruary of the following year.
In the new political order of
things, Toronto for a time lost th

nominal honours of the capit.l\.
The first Union Parliament met at
Kingston, that cit} being deemed
mure central for cOl1llucting the ad-
ministrative aff.'1irs of the United
l'r()\'inces. But Toronto's prestige
was not no\\' dependent upon the
retention or thc removal of the
l.egisl.1ture. I kspite the trouhles
and distractions of the periud. the
city had grown apace. Ten) ears
after its incorporation the population
had douhled, while its trade and
co:nmerce had greatly ilH'reased,

I:my of its first men were proud
to sit in the ci\'ic chair, and the
names of those it sent to Parliament
became" household words." In 18-1-0, Toronto for the fir'it time lit its streets with gas, and four years later, Reform founded
its long,time chief organ of journalism, The Globe, Contemporary with the latter, there were i
sued in the rapidly-developing
city, eight or ten other newspapers, \\ hose names -the Patriot, 1I1irror, /Janner, Colonist, ExamlÌler, and ChrÙtÙI1l G-'uaJdÙI1/ -
\\ ill be familiar to the old-time ritizen. To these evidences of progress has to he added tho
e connected with improwd
facilitie<; of communication by land and water, hesides the huilding of churches and founding of schools. This period is
.ll'io kno\\n a
that "hich saw the erection of the l'ro\incial University. Occasionally, progress had its set-backs, such as the
great fire in 18-1-9, which destroyed half a million of property, including the Cathedral Church of St. James. This calamity
\\.'1'; follo\\cd by the second outhreak of Asiatic cholera, which carried off o\er five hundred of the city's inhabitants, most of
whom \\ere lately-arrived immigrants. On the whole, ho\\ever, Toronto during this period made great strides. It generated
the energies and ama-;sed the resources which found further and higher development in the next decade, kno\\ n as that of the
Railway Era.
r.arly 111 the "Fifties," Toronto and the PrO\ince began to reap the benefit!> of machinery and steam, which for the
pre\Ïou'i twenty years had done 'iO much for the development of the :\lother Land. Hitherto they had been the servanh of
man in the worhhop, the mine and the manufactory; now they were to be brought into play to carry him and his goods m-cr
the wide stretches of Canada and the Continent. Railway enterprise had its inception in Canada in a project for connecting
T
ronto fir
t with I
'1ke Simcoe and the Georgian Bay, and afterwards, in the more gigantic undertaking, of connecting l\lontn:al
with Toronto and the tm\ n<, of the" e"tcrn pcninsula. The fir
t of the
e enterprises was knO\\ n as the Ontario, Simcoe &

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Huron Railway, afterwards and for long called" the Northern."' This road was "completed and opened to \urora in :\Iay,
18 53. and to Collingwood in 1855, in which year also I"oronto ohtained direct railway communication \\ ith Hamilton, hy tht:
Toronto .\: Hamilton (or more familiarly, the' (;reat \\'estern '), and with :\Iontreal hy the (;r.md Trunk. The latter line was
later on extended west\\ard to Cudph, and soon after to S.unia, -, The "Creat \\'estern " road \\as also carried through to the

iagara Ri\-er, in the East, and to \\Indsor and the St. Clair River, in the "'cst. (;reat \\ as the henefit to Toronto of these
roads, for they laid deep the foundations of the commercial fahric which now arose in the capital, and furnished to the to\\ ns of
the PrO\'ince a centr.!l emporium for trade. To the commercial development of the city. Reciprocity with the l7nited State".
which had heen secured during Lord Elgin's regime, was very helpful; and Toronto and the Province were also to gain much
hy the Ci\'il \\'ar which hroke out in 1861 in the neighhouring Repuhlic, calamitous as was that e\-ent to tho"e unhappily
engaged in the strife,
\\Ith the political devclopments in C pper Canada, from the period of the Rehellion, the annalist of Toronto has not
much to do, s.'1\'e to record something of the general mO\'ements in the then United Province", in \\hich the city took p,lrt, or
by \\ hich it was in some degree aided. Of these movements, two \\t:re to he distinctly helpful to Toronto, namely, the
founding of a system of Common School educa-
tion, \\ ith its higher extensions, in the way of
(;rammar or High Schools, le.lding up to the
Unin:rsity, and the creation of the municipal
system of local gO\'ernment in rities, to\\ ns and
villages, with pO\\er to levy taxes for local im-
pro\ ements, to pro\- ide the ma('hinery and pay
the co"t of local administration, The city was
\
#(,.
also more or less aided hy the Parliamentary
appropriations of the period fur the extension
of the canal system of the Province, the con-
struction of coloni,ration roads, the huilding of
puhlic works, and the annual dishursements for
the encouragement of immigration. ,\nother
gain of the time, from which Toronto and the
country gencrally henefitcd, was the granting hy
the l\Iother I and of Commercial Freedom to
the Colony, and the opening of her ports, un-
taxed, to its lumher, grain and other products
of trade.
In the Canadian Parliament, party had
still its hurning questions to fight over, and
keen and hitter \\as the strife and great the
social agitation and discord. On the death of
Lord Sydenham. came the hrief administration
of Sir Charles Hagut, followed, in 1 R-t-3, by that
of Sir Charles (afterwards Lord) :\Ietralfe. In
assuming the (;Q\'ernor -(;eneralshi[J, :\Ietcalfe
soon hdrayed the fact that he looked \\ ith dis-
fa\'oUf upon Responsihle (;overnment, and that
in the distrihution of patronage and appoint-
ment to office he rigidly upheld the prerogative
of the Crown, This attitude, with which the
Draper Tory (;overnment \\as identified, was a
retrograde step unpalatahle to Reform and to the I.iheral element in the country. FortUl1.ltely the régimc did not last long,
fur, in 18 47, :\Ietcalfe withdrew in ill-health to England, and he was succeeded in office h) I.ord Elgin, a "on-in-Ia\\ of the
Earl of I )urham, The administration of this statesman is marked hy the full development of Responsihle (;overnment, for
his policy \\as not only conciliatory, hut it led him to pay deference to the wishes of th", (I",ople, a" e\pres"ed h) their
I'arli.unentary representatives, and to guide himself by tbe counsels of thos", unly \\ ho enjoyed their confidence. His
régime W.IS unfortunately marred hy factious opposition in Parliament. which then met at l\luntre.tl, and \\.IS the scenc of
fren/ied riots alld incendiarism, and by much wild agitation in huth I'rminces, This arose oYer the passing, hya Reform
. \dministration then in power, of the Rehellion Losses \Jill, a measure which authorited the (;on:rnment to raise
L, 100,000 to indemnify I o\\er Canadians for their losses in 1837, hut \\hich was opposed hy the I'uries, on the ground th.lt
the claims were preferred hy and the compensation was to be p.tid to "rehels," Not\\ithstanding this contention, the Bill
passed, though it cost the country the loss of the Parliament Buildings, \\ hich the :\Iontreal ma\contems g.lye to the flames, and
for a time !iuhjected I.ord Elgin, though unf,!irl), to public odium. Time, ho\\ ever, allayed the excilement, and Toronto once

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Sr. j,UIES' S'}UAla; l'I<E"IIY rERIAN ClIlJI{CIl A!\IJ TilE COLLE(;
OF PHARMACY.

more hecame the seat of CO\ernment, though until OUa\\a \\a
named hy Her :\Iajesty as the permanent capital, the city had
to
hare 1\ ith ()uehec the honour of housing the United Parliament. \\ ithin its halls, the last great question which agitated the
countn', pre\ ious to the dehates which heralded Confederation, \\ as that of Representation hy Population. This measure was
one \\ hich sought to increase the numher of C pper Canadians in the, \ssemhly so as to correspond \\ ith the increased popuJa-
til'n in the Cpper I'rO\ ince The Reform \\as initi.ltec\ and accomplished hy the persistent efforts of :\1 r. (;eorge BrO\\ n, in a
Parliament \\ hose chief no\\ \\as :\Ir. John .\, :\lanlonald, a name henceforth to he distinguished in the higher political life of
the \OUllg nation. In ISS6. it is \\ortl1\" of note. the electi\e principle was applied to the I egislati\e Council, a reform which
changed that formerl) ('ro\\ n-nominated hody into an electi\'C one, on the death of the then Crown-appointed meml>l.'rs. Two
) ears pre\ioush', another di"turhing question had heen set at re<;t, hy the secul.ui/ation of the Clergy Resen'es. In 18S-1-, I.ord
Elgin resigned the (;O\'Crnor-( ;eneralship. and was succeeded in the following ) car hy Sir Edmund \\"all,er Head. Si"\ years
later, Sir Edmund surrendered the reins of (;(wernment to his "lJ('Cessor, Lord :\Ionck.
I Juring Sir Edmund He.ld's occup.lI1cy of office. Toronto had the honour of entertaining the Prince of \\'ales, then on a
tour through Canada. This nota hIe e\'Cnt o('('urred in the }ear 1860. when His Ro}al Highness was in his nineteenth year.
.\('companied hy the I )ukc
". of 1\ewcastle, Colonial Sec-
retary, and a hrilliant suite,
the Prince m:tde his State
entry into the city, which
had decked itself in gar,
geous array to do honour
to the occasion. N"ever did
the (.Jueen City of the \\'est
present a hrighter sIJectacle
or sho\\ a more feT\'id
loyalty. For fiw days, To-
ronto ga\ e it<;df up to the
delirium of enthusiasm, and
the citiæns \ ied \\ ith each
other in decking the town
l\Îth hunting and, at night-
" fall, in making the streets
ahla/e with illuminations,
Few who sa\\ the greeting
at the landing-place, in the
immense amphitheatre,
temporarily erected at the
foot of John Street, will
forget the gar scene. Xor,
J{FSII>EXCE OF
I R. WIIIIA \1 CHRISTIE, QII EFI"S PARK. to all appearancc, was the
Princc himself indifferent to the passionate enthusiasm \\ hich ga\'e welcome to Britain's heir apparent and Yictoria's eldest son,
I n sharp contrast, unhappily, to this SCene of gladness and festi\Îty, was another gathering of the populace on Toronto's
water-front six \"ears aften\ards. On that occasion the scene was one of weeping and \\ailing. The e\ening was that of
Sunday, the 3rd of June, 18ó6. when the steamer, the Cl
J' /if 7ì'rOl//tJ, hrought haek to their homes the dead and \\uunded from
the field of Ridge\\ay, \\ hich had witnessed the hrave deed of a handful of Canadi.lI1 \' ulunteers defending their country's soil
from the desecrating imasion of a hand of Fenian maraullers, Two days hefore, these y(mthful patriots, members of the
gallant cit) corps, the <)ucen's (h\l1 Rifks. had gone forth in the jO\ and lustiness of life, Sow they \\ere being received by
their an"\iou<; or hereaved relatives and a whole cit) ful of people, \\ ho, with a common almost a di\ ine impulse, had
g.lthered to do honour to thc memory of the fallen, and \\ ith a touching sympathy, eagerly sought to tend the stricken and the
\\ounded. Scarccl\ Ie"s impres"ive was the mournful pageant, a few days afte\\ards, which wound its W.1Y through the streets
of the cit\', mid the sorrow-stricken and re\'erent multitude, to the tomh. Thc suhject is too painful to linger OVer; hut it has
it<; bright side, in the e\'Ïdence it furnishes that, sneered at as sentiment and patriotism may be, they arc ne\'erthcless active
principles in the hreasts of Toronto's "ons and in the common heart of the youth of Canada, impelling them, in the hour of
need, to be true to their manhood, and loyal and un
elfish in the sen ice they offer and render to thcir country.

38

THE C\10.\', THE RAIL T1'A} EN.!, ,-lXD TIfE foEXfAX RAInS.

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COXFEDER.l TIOJ.V A.VD CIJ7IC EAP.-LVSI01\

39

CHAPTER X.

COXFEI>ER.\TIOX ANI> CInc EXP-\Jl.iSIOK.

I>O\II'\IO
Ihv ,\XII THF CH....X(;F IT CSH"'REIJ I
. LIBER \TIO'\" FRO\! THE POI.ITIC-\L I>F,-\DlOC..... THF CO'\"FFDER-\TlOX
SCHE\I.... hlPORT \:-"CE OF (h T \RIO 1"1 I' HI'; C '\"IOX. - TORO;\!TO B...CO:\IES THE PRO" IXC!.\!. C \PIT \1 (;....IX
OF rHF
L\;;T T\IT'\" IV YE \RS. THE CITV" S IRWFS DI POPl'L\TlON A;IID RE-\I TY. ST,\TISTICS OF ITS CO\I \!FRCL\L I }f'VF!.OP-
\II"'\" L I h' nFS OF rHE ('I nZF"I, AXI> I )FPF
I>I
G RFSULT
OF CH \R....CTER IX ITS 1'1'lH.IC l\IEX. TORONTO'
CHIFF
:\L\(;(,;TR \l'ES SI'\"CE rHE CITY'S I;\'CORPOR \TIO;\!.

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N I HE 1St day of July, 1867, a change took place in the political system which had hitherto

'

9
e'l.isted among the several Provinces of British Korth America, This came about,

..;.:i:1
primarily, as the result of a deadlock in the two Canadas, in the Parliament of \\ hich
'-=
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".. I ' I ' I II L I ' d d I h ' "

· . egis atlon lal ong een 1111 ere JY t e stnfe of partIes, neIther of II hom could nOli
-';', , command a sufficient majority to enable it efficiently to administer affairs. But union
J was already in the air; for at the period the :\Iaritime Provinces contemplated a closer

'
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alliance al
long themselves. while r
aso
, as well as ,exp,ediency, su
gested th,at in t,he

\. ,,..- broader lIght of a new day. and 111 vIew of complIcatIons that nnght possIbly anse

. betlleen the :\Iother Country and the neighhouring Republic, as the out'come of the \\'ar
of Secession. there should be a union of a more comprehensive kind among all the
British communities of the Continent. This eminently sane and patriotic project, which,
it will be remembered, was mooted by T .ord I )urham, had for some years been before the minds of the leading Canadian
politicians, and by a fell of them had been discussed with British statesmen, From the first, the l\lother Country looked
f.wourably on the scheme, for she saw her possessions in the N"ew \\ arid hecoming more hopelessly distracted by party conflicts
and other internal dissensions, and without any bright outlook or bond of union, save that which English son
reignty in common
supplied. \\Ïseh', therefore, she deemed the measure one Ilhich she could heartily enf'ourage, though the proposal, she properly
conduded. must originate with the Colonies and not with the Crown. I ncreasing differences of race and interest in the
Parliament of the old Canada,> at last precipitated a crisis, and brought Ilhat had heretofore been hut a vague idea into the
arena of practical politics. "\t the period there Ilere seven distinct Colonies in British _\merica, owning allegiance to Britain,
each if we e'l.cept the two Canadas ha\'ing its own political system and separate (;O\'ermnent. These were the Pro\ inces
of Nova Scotia, Kew Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, the t\\O Canadas, and the Crolln Colonies of Xewfoundland and
British Columbia. The proposal was to fed-
erate these, under a general (;overnment,
with a suhordinate I.egislature in each I'rO\'-
ince, h.lving jurisdiction over its own local
affairs, The project continuing to engage
the attention of Canadian statesmen, a con-
\'ention of representatives from the various
PrO\ inces met in I 86-l, first at rharlotte
to\\n, r.E.I.. and then at Quebec, to discuss
the feasibility of the scheme, and finally to
arrange the terms of the contemplated union.
In the following year, the Canadian Legisla-
ture adopted the Cnion Resolution'>, which
by this time, as we have said, had received
the hearty support of the I mperial authorities;
and the next move was a meeting of Pro-
vincial delegates in I.ondon to arrange with
the Home (;o\'ernment a formal basis of
union. The delegates from Nellfoundland
withdrew from the scheme. The final result
was the passing in the Imperial Parliament
of the British North .\merica . \ct, and the
ratifying of the Confederation proposals. The

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rRf.Fr.

40

CO '-FEDERATIOX .IXD CINC E\PAX5iIOX

lnion cmbraced, as all our readers knO\\. the four PrO\ inccs of Xo\'a Scotia,
ew Brunswick, and l'pper and T .Ower Canada,
under the desi
nation of the I )ommlOn of Canada. The namc of l'ppcr Canada wa,; ch:mgnl to Ontario, and th.lt of lower
('anada to (
uebec, Pro\ \sion \\as at the same time made for the admission of olher I'rO\ inces, which might desire to come
into the L'nion. .\rrangements \\ere suhsequently made fur the acquirelllent by purchase of the Hudson's B.l
Company's
interests in the \ast region of the
orth-\rest, and for the construction of an Intercolonial Railway, connecting the \Iaritime
Provinces \\ith the t\\O l'.macl.ls. I onl Monck became the first (;O\ernor-(;eneral of the I>ominion, while I ieutenant-( ;o\"efl1ors
\\ ere appointed to the several PrO\ inces. Elections were at once held under the new constitution, and the first Dominion
Parliament met. in 1X67, at Otta\\a, now the permanent scat of (;overnment, Sir Juhn .\. :\Iacdonald heing Premier.
\\ e sh.lll but complete thc political summary. if \\e chronicle the fact that, in 11)71. TIritish Columbia entered Confedera-
tion. though shc stipulated in doing so that it he connected \\ ith the East by a railwav across the ('ontinent. .\fter \"arious
mis.1lhentures of a pulitical kind. which we need not here go into, this great undertaking was completed, in 1886, to \'ancou\"er
.1Ild the se.I, and the P.lCific I'rO\ ince, with its \'ast resources. was thus hrought within eas}' reach of the older settlements. In
d
ïo, \Ianitoba \\.IS carved out of the :-Jorth-\\'est ; and three )ears later, Prince Edward Island completed the chain, from
on'an to ocean, of the Confederated British Colonies h) entering the I )ominion.
In thio; :'\'orthern Empire of Britain, on the .\merican Continent, the PrO\ince of Ontario holds the chief place, and
Toronto, its capital, h.IS a high and unchallenged share in its prestige and honours, It is perhaps not an exagJ.!eration to sa)

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1I0R nCUl.fU RAI. GARDEJ"S A"'II !'A\"IL!O'"

that Toronto has had much to do in making, at once, the Province and the I )ominion. From her loins have gone forth not a
little of the brain and mu
cle \\ hi,'h have entered into both and contributed to their stability and greatness. So far as local
gO\ernment is concerned, Confederation has conferred a boon upon both the capital and the PrO\ince. It has taken from
Toronto some political importance, hut it has given it peace, and removcd from it the chief cock-pit of party estrangement and
strife. That has gone to the other end of the Prmince, and ours to-day is the happiest of all histories, Only the ghosts of old
factions now
talk in our legislative halls, though we sometimes seek to reanimate them \\ ith the evil spirit of the past. But we
haH" something better to do than this, On our people devohes the care of half a continent, \\hose resources arc illimitable,
whose capahilities are untold. Ours is a noble heritage. In population, if \\t: have not as yet the numhers which betoken
progress, \\e have a country \ast and productive enough to rear numhers, ]n our :\'orth-\\'ðt \\e have a belt of land which
could proÙde sustenance, \\ ith plent}, for thirty or forty millions, ]n Ontario alone, t\\ ice the pre<;ent population of the
\\ hole r )ominion could he comfortably housed and fed.
\\ïth such a past and present, if \\c are hut true to ourselves, who can despair of what the future \\ ill bring? The past
t\\ent)' year
' progre
" of Toronto is in itself sufficient to dispel all doubts, The de\elopment of the "ity is but a refte" of the
de\ clopment of the nation as a whole, If thi
i<; challenged, let the questioner look abroad, and if he has known what
the countr} \\a<; a generation ago, he will, if a candid man, be convinced.
or has the progress alone been malerial. Besides
the ad\ance in \\ealth, and all that \\ealth has hrought in its tr.iÎn, there has been a steady rise in the moral and intellectual

CO '"FEDER. 1 TIO
V AXD CI1'IC EXr.lX.\YOX

-1]

status of the people. The gain in thi,., direction is perhaps not all that we could wish it to have been, but the progress has
been Uln,.ud : and the ascent has not been that of a class, but of the people as a whole, In our national outlook, there is not
a little still to perple'l. and be" ilder: but there is also much to encourage and inspire.
()nh optimistic can be the obsener of the recent growth of Toronto. Since Confederation. its strides in population
and realt) out\ie e\-en the mushroom growth of the typical "'estern city, In 1867. the population was under 5 0 ,000,
anù the re.llt) 20 million; to-day the population is in the neighbourhood of 200,000, while the realtr e'l.ceed
a r 35 millions

It is said that on one of our streets Toronto Street though only a hlock in length, the realty and persona It) are a,.,,.,es,.,ed,
in round numbers, at one million dollars. The imports of the city, within the period, show a like man-ellous ad\ance.
In 1867. the amount "as a trifle O\er se\en millions; in 1889, they approached twenty millions. Facts ,.,uch a,., these speak
\-olumes, "'hen we consider not only this amaLing increase, in population and in the \alue of the city's ratable property,
but the e\Îdences on all sides of solid prosperity and substantial comfort, and e\'en lu'l.ury, "e may \-enture to picture the
['oronto of the coming time as a pI.lce of phenomenal importance, and wielding great influence m-er the:destinies of the
country, :\Iuch in this respect will of course depend on
the character of ib puhlic men, the repute and puhlic
spirit of its citiæns. and the manner in "hich its aff.lirs
are administered. Patrioti,.,m requires that a man shall
work for his countr) and fellowmen as he "orks for
himself. Self-seeking and the building up of the indi-
\-idual at the e'l.pense of e\ ery other intere,.,t has heen
too often the rule, and ci\-ic life has thus been depri\'ed
of its animating principle, and the puhlic "eal has heen
left to shift for itself. Cities, like nations, it should he
rememhered, are Ii\ ing and gro" ing or atrophied and
(h ing organisms; and the indi\'idual citi/en h.1S a pro-
portionate interest in the life and prosperit), and a
corresponding responsihilit) for the deca) and retrogres-
sion. of the cit) "hich he makes his hahitatioil and finds
his daih' hread.
()f interest in any historical retrospect of Toronto's
annals must he the list of her chief n1.lgistrates. There
ha\e heen, in all, t"ent\-si'l. men "ho ha\-e filled the
ci\"Îc chair since the cit)'s incorporation in r 83-l. Of
the numher, most of them ha \-e heen her 0" n sons and
sonw of them her best blood,
ot a few ha\-e sen ed
her interests so well, that they ha\e enjo)ed a second.
and e\'en a third, term. In the early day,." "hen the
incumhent of office was elected hy the Council rather
than by the people, some mayors have even done better
than a third term. rhe list is full of intere
t for another reason. It marks out not only the men who have had the distinction
of a high office conferred upon them, hut identifies with successive periods in the life of the city those" ho ha\ e heen
instrumental in lahoriously and faithfully sen ing her. "" e append the list :-

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RESIIJF,"CE OF :\IR. CHARI.FS RIORDAN, (
UEEX'S PARK,

\1 \\ ORS OF TaRo;\; 10 SIXlÏ II s I '\l"ORT'OR \1'10"1.

1 83-l' \rm. I.)on :\Iacken/ie,
18 35. Hon. R, B, Sulli\.an, Q.l'.
11)36, Thos. D. :\Iorrison, I\LD.
183ï. Ceorge (;urnett.
1838 39--l0. John Powell.
I 8-l I. George:\1 onro.
18-l2 -l3 '-l-l, Hon. Henry Sherwood, Q.c.
18-lS--l6--l7, "OIn. Henrv Boulton.
18-l8 -l9 - 50. George (;urndt.
185 I 52- 53, John Ceo, Bowes,
185-l. Joshua (;, Beard.
18 55. Hon. Geo. \\'.
-\l1an, D.C.L.
1856. Hon, .I no. Bewrley Rohinson.
1857. John Hutchison.
1858, \\'m. Henry Boulton.
1858, n. Breckenridge Read, Q.C.

r 859 60. Hon. (Sir) ,\dam "ïlson, <-"C.
J no. Carr. President of Council.
186. 62-ó3. John (;eo. Ikmes,
d,6-l 65-66, Francis H, :\lcdcalf.
1867 6K James E, Smith,
1869 70, Samuel It Harman.
187 I 72. Joseph Sheard,
I 8ï 3, .\Ie'l.ander :\lanning.
18H 75, Francis H, :\Iedcalf.
11)76 77 78. Angus :\Iorrispn,
1879-80. James Beaty, D,<'.I.., {),c.
1881-82. "-m. B. :\1c:\lurrich, \1. \,
1883 8-l' -\rthur R. Boswell.
1885. Alexander :\Ianning.
1886 87. ".m. H. Howland,
1888-89 -90, r:dward F, CI.1rke. :\1.1'.1',

4:!

TilE TOROXTO OF TO-DA J:

CHAPTER XI.

THE rcWOXTO OF TO-D.\\',

I'ORO"l1'O Co:-.rRblTlI \\lrH
lo:nRr\L ,\"111 (21-
BEc.-Irs (;RO\\rH I>FSPITF \\-\R A;IIn C1\ïLE
lIIROlL\IENT. -ToRoi'i1'O
\ BRIrhH \'\1. I'Ron:!--I'.\:-'T ell\. In, I:-.rII\"SrRI.\L .-\/I.'V Son \1 E\ou'no;ll. R \pln .\lI\'.-\I\CE l:-.r l'opUI..\TlON,
Rr \I.n \'\"1' C'O\I\IERCI.\L 1\lpOR 1'.\ '\"CF. .\ r rR.\CTlO:-'" ,b ,-\ I'I,\CI': OF RFSII>EXCE. CH \RI\l OF THF ISLAND ,\NO
H ua:OCR, B....u. n OF Irs Rn.":-'T .\RCHITFC rURE. - KFW BnLLJI,,(; E" rERpRlSES,- Pup,( IC DRIVES A;IIV P.\RKS.

A ...,,-rr, , ! ( HE history of Toronto, as those \\ ho ha\-e followed us through these pages \\ ill have seen,
'-f
1/: I" is pretty much the history of the Province, of which it is now the imposing metropolis.
, 1.j! , The two come necessarily into close, occasionally into perilous, and, considering the

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public weal. not infrequently into disadvantageous contact. Especially is this the case in
1\
.'
;, ...-. , '. the early anù meùiæ\-al period of the city's career. \\ hen the Province was being rough-
}.li"",-J

::' r",-a.,--"t.;;., he\\n out of the \\ilderness and its affairs administered by an E:\ecuti\-e "ho"e whole
if .4- ,:r.itl]. ...... C;,,!
I ,}\r,1.... machiner ) ' of (
on:rl1lnent wa" centred in Toronto, anù whose servants were not alwa ) 's

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:t the sen'ants of the public, hut those of a junto at the Capital. Yet Toronto has an inter-

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I <b. " esting local history of its own, not, it is true, like that of (.!uehec or :\lontreal, full of the
- -::

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, striking and picturesque elements which helong to the French régime of old Canada, with
'. . :.-

,- -
- - -, - - :---- --- the soldier and the priest within its walls, and nature and nature"s sa\'age without. It
knew no feuùal state, though it had an autocracy which for a time ruled it, and fettered its development, as though its govern-
ment werc that of the :\Iiddle .\ges. But while Toronto has neither the history that attaches, say, to Quehec, nor the position
that ha<; given that city its fame, her past is hy no means lacking in incident, though her annals, since the stirring era
of 1812 and the trouhlous times of 1837, are mainly those of peace. The rise of Toronto, however, though chiefly, has not
heen \\ holly, due to the enterpri"e of civilians, or to the undisturhed pursuits of a time of peace, The rude nursings of war,
,1:> we have seen, cradled the city's limhs into lu
ty life, In its early days, its population had a 1.lrge military infusion, while,
later on, not a little of its grm\th shot up during a lengthened period of civil emhroilment. \re ha\e seen also, that at the time
of its incorpuration a" a city. Toronto's framework was shaken in its socket hy political strife, while its municipal system was
founded amid the noi"e of faction anù with the hitterness of party contention, \' et what was done then, thc people enjoy
to-day.
In contrast to the citie" on the St. I
'lwrence, Toronto is a British and. in the main, a Protestant city. "HO\\ English is
Toronto :., is the common rem.lrk of the visitor, whether he COmeS from the Mutherland itself or from the Repuhlic to the south
of us, English speech and English ways are
the characteristics of our people, In face
,lIld figure, too, our population confess kin,

hip with the :\Iotherland aeross the sea, and
hetray customs, hahits, and institutions here
faithfully reproduced. E\ en the nomencla-
ture of our streets, though not the rectangular
method in \\ hich they are laid out, speaks
eloquentl) of the Old I.and, whence came
the sturdy life that reclallned them from the
wilderness.
The indu"trial and social evolution of
Toronto, e"pecially \\ ithin the last two dL-
cacle", is
o remarkable as to be almost
\\ ithout a parallel in the history of the com-
munitie" of the :\"e\\" \\'orld, It is so grati-
f) ing a circUlmtance that its people may well
point to it with pride, \ \ hen it roo;e to the
dignity of a ,it), its actual population was
preci"e1y 9,2 5-l o;ouls; ten years I.Her, thc
I'opul.uion had douhled; in another ten years,
that again had douhled. In 1880, the popu-
lation, including the suburhs, had risen to a
100,000: to.day, as we kno\\, it is 200,000 !
rhe \aluc of .Issessahle property, within the

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\ IF\\ I'I{O\I "CIIORUY PARK," SU
DU.R R
SnJE:<;CF. OF :\IR. JOIlS lIALLA
I.

THE TORO-,-\70 OF TO-D.l J:

43

corporation, has also, of reccnt years especially, risen hy leaps and hounds. In 1879, the total realty was 50 millions: last year it
ro
e to 1 3 6 million
! \\ïthin the same period, though the rate of taxation had been reduced from 1 ï!
to 1 {'.! mills, the annual
municipal as
esslllent had douhled, In I8ï9, the revcnue derived from taxation was, in round numhers, $900,000; last year
( 188 9), it had riscn to mer $2,000,000! The city's
trides in population and ta"\able wealth are matched by the grO\\Ìh of
its domestic trade, as well a:< by thc increase of the volume of ih foreign imports and exports, High also is the status to which
Toronto has risen as the great mart and distrihuting centre of industry and commerce. To it, the rich Prm ince of Ontario,
\\ith not a little of the great Xorth-\\'cst, is tributary. It has hecome a vast commercial emporium, a great railway and shipping
centre, the literary' hub' of the Dominion, the }'Iecca of tourists, an Episcopal and .\rchiepiscopal See, and the ecclesiastical
headquarters of numerous denominations, the seat of the I a\\ Courts, the Provincial Legislature, the Uni\'ersities, Colleges and
great schoob of learning. In addition to all these it has hecome a most attractivc place of residence.
The charm of Toronto, 111 this latter respect, i
great. and each year adds to its attractions. The shaded streets, the
park,;. the dri\'es; the cool hreeæs from the lake, with a pull to the Humher; the ferry p.lssage to the Island, or to the many
accessihle resorts on the water-front e"\tending east and \\ est of the ('it} : yachting on the lake, an afternoon trip to 1'\iagara,

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TOR ON 1'0 GENI<.RAL HOSI'I L\L, GERRARD STRH I' EAST.

( " I H ' I St ( ' th
I ' ll .. or a rUll UI> ()\ ' er Sunda y ' to the :\Iuskoka I ahes and the (;eorgian B:n', makc a
ulllmer
,runs )\' ami ton or . a "r e", , ..' , '. .
residen

in the I'rO\ incÎal metropolis a joy and delight.
or are the means of pa
sing the winter enjo) ablv and IIlstructl
ely-
\\ith access to libraries, museums and art-galleries, besi(les the attractions of lectures. concerts, operas, etc. Ic,ss plea
lIlg or
ahundant. K or should the attractions of the ., Fair" time, for a fortnight each autumn, he forgotten, durmg 1\ hleh the
Industrial Exhibition Association lays e\'ery acti\ ity under trihute, not only to present the visitor \\ itl
a pleasing an,d instructi\'e
spectacle, hut to foster the agricultural and manufacturing industries of the Province, to afford c\'ldenee of their mane\lous
"rowth and to display the manual achievements or the natural products of the year. ,. .
'" '...' . h I ' I ' t f th ' t the ' I ' orollto of t o-d'l } ' owcs an } .thin'T to it
natural position. In this respect It IS
nelt er t le oron 0 0 e pas nor .' . to .. . '
unlike :\Iontreal, <,!ucbec, or even Ottawa; it is no city
ct upon a hill. Its one glory IS
b harhour, whH"h IS not only, l
sef
1
I t I ' f I ' I ' h ' , b " , re ' n " d I ' rolll the l a ke b } ' a fine island fender, a delightful summer resort of the clt17cns,
JU )eautl u , IS spacIOus aSIl1 IS sc C
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on which may be seen numherless picturesque cottages, \\hile on the h.1Y thsport e\'ery speCies of S:llhng, steaml
lg a,lHI ro\\lng
craft. The city itself lies on a flat pJain, \\ ith a rising indin.ltion to the northw.lrd. It CO\'crs an arca fivc mlks III hre.ldth

(i.c. p.lr.ll1d I\ith the lake) hv three miles in depth (i,(', 1\. and S.. or running back from the w::lter-front). Bevond the \Ihaf\'es,
ri"ing up from the ha\, are tllfee hundred miles of hranching "treets. \\ hich intersect each other, generally 'at right angles,
.1Ild in \\ hich "Ii\ e. mo\ e and ha\ e their heing" two hundred thuusand souls, The chief streets de\ oted to retail husiness are
h.ing and (2ueen. running parallel \\ ith the bay and a fell hlocks nurth of it, and Yonge Street, clea\Îng the city in t\\ain and
e'l.tendin
to it
northern limits and be}ond them. The area of the business portion of the city occupied hy the large \\holesale
hmb ,the hanks, financial institutions, loan and insurance companies, the (;0\ ernment and :\1 unicipal Offices, etc., may he
imlicah:d a... that bct\leen Front and the Esplanade and .\dclaide Street, and het\\l:en York Street and the Market. The
n:"idential part of the city lies chiefl) to the north and 1\ est of the husiness sectIon. ::Ind is \\ ell set off and ornamented by neat
\Î11.1<; and ro\I" of detached or semi-detached houses, \Iith boule\"ards, l.ll\nS and fine shade trees, \\ hat the city lacks in
picturesqueness of "ituation is well atoned
for in the evidences that e\"erywhere meet
the eyc of cultivated æ"thetic ta"te. Thi:>
finds e'l.pre
sion in the pleasing rc\"i\"al of old
English architecture in, the nuny handsome
\ illas, churches and public buildings of the
city. Nor is this taste less apparent in the
mammoth stores and I\arehouses of com-
merce, the hanks, insurance and financial
establishments, which ha\'e heen erected in
recent years and \\ hich have been largely
brought \1 ithin the sphere of art. \\"e have
now less flimsy sheet-iron or wood ornamen-
tation. and more of decorati\T \Iork in stone.
Indi\ iduality is as"erting itsdf. also. in the
designs of man} of the stred fronts. which,
though they afford little room for the more
amhitious comhinations of the architect.
present sufficient scope for the display of
taste and the a\'oidance of weary repetition.
Colour, especi.ll1y in stone, is heing effectivel)
introduced and adds much to the grace and
cheerfulness of the new e'l.teriors. This is
particularly to he noticed in the many hand-
o;ome recent churches. .\rchitecturally speak
ing, Toronto has of recent years put on a
new face. and it is the face of comeliness
and heauty.
The acti\ ities of the past fe\\ years
arc happy augurs of the acti\ ities of the
_ . future. From what Toronto is, we may judge
what Toronto \1 ill he("()\l1e. \ t pre"cnt there
-
arc vast huilding enterprises under Ilay, II hich
soon will add immensely to the artistic hcaut}"
ao; well as to the suhstanti.ll wealth of the
city. \\ e ha\'e just seen completed the
new and imposing offices of the Canada l.ife
\"...urance Co., the suh<;tantial hanking house of the Canadian Bank of Commerce, and the artistic home of the Bu.ud of
Tr.lde. Be...ides the...e, i... in course of erection the splendid pile of the Confederation Life Insurance ('0" with other huge
financial and mercantile edifices. .\nother great hotel huilding \Ie helieve is soon to go up, and ere long we may look for
the ri.,ing of the new Cit) Hall and Court House, The fine Parliament Buildings are now taking form and shape, and the ne\1
homt of Cpper Canada College is about completed. \\ïth these and other new architectural achievements, including a
resurrected University, and a new home for the denominational uses of Victoria College, Toronto's outlook is bright for the
increa...ed decking of herself in the early coming years. The prospect is enhanced in atlracti\"encss hy the promise of additions
and imprO\emcnh to the city's public IKlrb and drives,

-U

THE TOROXTO OF TO-DA J:

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.'.;QJEE .1.\'PECTS OF THE JEODER.LY CIT}:

CHAPTE R .xl J.

SO:\IE \SI'ECTS OF THE :\[()I>ERN CITY.

.\ RLrROSl'f.cr. THE ('In OF '1'0-1'-\\ CONIR,-\SrFD WITH THE CITY OF A GFI'I:R,\TIO"l Af;O.- TORONTO'S 1..\:-1 II:\L\ R....S,
()LV ANII :-';1 W. HFR EARl y CHI'RCH EIIIFlCES \:\ID THEIR l\IODFR:-I Cox rR,\STS,- THE NI'\\' ARCHIrECTUR.\L
ER \.- hII'RO\ I'D PCBI.lC BUll L>I"I(;S .\1'11 I;o.;CRF.\SED SCHOOL ,\cco:\nIOl>.\ nON, - THE CI n '5 .\I>OR:-I\IE:\IT.-
l'RO(;RF,.,,., IN HER SOCI \1, I'HII,\XTHROI'IC, \1\1' INIIu:-rRI \1. LIFE. -THF Clnc .\L>:\I1:\1ISTR-\TIO:-l A:-il> ['HE
:\ICI'IClP\T. OF!:r.

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,; H ERE can be few hetter ways of illustrating the progress of Toronto or of marking thc
.(" ..

.... .$ changes which the pa
sing, years h:l\e
\Tought, than to turn th
eye of memory hac
ward
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n some aspects o,f the
Ity a generation ago. Most of us 1,Iv,e I
owada):s so hurned a

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t. \\
have httle. lelsu.r
for retrospects, Hen
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of ehan
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;\ and nCIssltude, to wl1lch cities as well as human e:-'lstenCe are suhJcct, are 111 the mall1
_
.
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- lost upun us, But it is well now and then to take a look hackward, that we may corrcct
, - !C any tendenc) to despond or he influenced hy the luguhrious pessimism of the age,
either \\ ith regard to our material or our intellectu.11 and social advancement. The old resident who recollects the city of "the
fifties" and knows the city of to,day will, if his heart he right, appreciate what the years have done for Toronto during the
inten'aI. The pre"ent writer can well rememher his 0\\ n impressions of the place when he first camc, a youth of ninetcen,
to the city in the .mtumn of 1858. The
treet railw.lY was not yel in operation; nor had we those useful adjuncts of our
modern ci\ iliL.ltion telephones, coupes, and the electric light. The opera houses and art galleries, which we havc to-day,
were not then huilt; nor had \\e many of the puhlic resorts, parks and drives, or thc myriad island ferries which the later-
day resident re\e1s in. Concerts and puhlic meetings had then no pa\'ilion or mammoth rink for the comfortahle housing of
nightly multitudes. The hest edifices we then had for puhlic lectures and entertainments were the St. Lawrence Hall, on I--:.ing
Street East, and the :\1 usic H.III, on Church, over tht. present Puhlic Lihrary. In the former, we first heard Thomas I )',\rcy
:\Ic(
ee, <. 'al1.lda's silver-tongued orator, who hy the way on that occ.lsion could not get heyond the exordium of his e'l.tempor-
i/ed address, ha\ing dined that evening" not wisely but too \\ell." Our memorie!-o of the latter arc connected with \'andenhoff,
the elocutionist, Ch.lrle
Kingsley, the Rev, I>r. :\IcCaul, his snuff,ho'l. and red pocket handkerchief, and l\lrs. John Beverley
Rohin
on and her dosing function, the singing, with thrilling fen'our, of the National .\nthem. For
sm.lller gatherings, there was.a Hall on Temperance Street, in which we remember to have heard Emerson
lecture, amI also the Ropl Lyceum on King Street \\ est. in the immediate pro:-.imity of the Romain
Buildings, but a little south of the street. Here we used fre(!uently to spend an e\ening enjoying the lyric
drama, m. rendered by the Holman Sisters, or delighting oursdn;!> with the personations in light comedy
of Charlotte Kiekinson, hetter knO\\n tu a later generation .IS Mrs. l\Iorrison.
The passenger station at 1\ hich we landed
was an open, and some\\ hat !-otraggling, one, of
very modest pretensions; for the (;rand Trunk had
not long heen in operation and that road and the
(;re.lt \\'estern ha(l, overlooking the b.IY, a sort of
11.1\ ,ide terminus in common. Two landmarks
there \\ ere on the I :spl.made, at either end of the
tl)\\ n, \\ hich \\ ere among the first ohjects to strike
our e)e on arn\lI1g. I'hese \\ere the old \\ indmill
and County Jail, on the East, and on the \rest,
the' ne\1 ' l'r)stal \'.1 lace, or I'rmincial E'l.hibition
Building, a glittering edifice built on the line!> and
.lfter the !-ot) Ie of Its great I.ondon protot\ pe in
H)de Park, The dingy old P.lrli.ul1ent Buildings,
"'AH..NoTD.....
\\e remember, \\ere an attraction to us, more how-
e\ er for historic than for æsthetic reasons, The
ga)est thing \\e can recall ahout them was seeing
the Ro)al Standard, on the occasion of the \ isit of the Prince of \\ ales, fluttering over the pile, though the whole was dominated
b) the loft) .md spaciou!> drill-!>hed adjoining. .\s an old officer of the militia force, we h.l\'C proud memories of that great
drill-shed, in connLction \\ith our \olunteering da)s, during the e'l.citing era of the Fenian Raids. It has long since been
dcnlOlj
hcd, ib immen., roof hm ing f..lllen in \1 ith the aCl'umuJated burdell of a lOll/-( \\ inlt-r's SllmiS.

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SO. lIE ASPECTS OF THE JIDDENIY CITY

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Other landmarks, familiar to us in our early rambles through the city, have also disappeared. Of these we recall the old
Globe Office, on King Street ""est, and the Leader and Colonist offices, on King Street East. Then there were the Registry
Office, on Toronto Street, and, a little north of it, the .\dclaide Street l\lethodist Church, and round the corner, eastward. the
church known as Old St. .\ndrew's. Three other sacred edifices have also passed out of sight. namely, Zion Church, at the
corner of Bay and Adelaide, the Hay Street L: nited Presbyterian Church. and the old-fashioned structure, with its (;recian
affectations, long used by the :\Iethodist body. on Richmond Street. The modern huildings that OCCUPY the sites of these old
landmarks are emphatic reminders of the real ,Uld suhst.\I1tial progress of Toronto. The" then and now" present many curious
contrasts, which one could pursue for pages without stint of matter. Perhaps the most striking of these is that which might he
dra\\n hetween the imposing \\arehouse of \Iessrs. \\yld, (;rasett oS.. I Jarling, on Hay Street, amI the old Mercer cottage which
it displaced,
But not all of the old landmarks have been swept away: many yet remain and hold their heads high, In" the
fifties:' a number of tasteful and suhstantial huildings \\ere erected, which do no discredit to-day to the architecture of the time.
The prevailing fashion of that er,l was for the neat, and indeed elegant, Italian t} pc of public huildings. Of this type, or akin to
it, are the :\Iasonic H.dl, Toronto Street, the Romain Buildings, King Street "'est, the St. Lawrence Hall, King Stt'eet East,

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and the edifice now used by the Public Library, ()f the (;recian and I )oric orders, are the old Post Office (no\\ the Receiver-
(;eneral's Office), Toronto Street, and the E'l.change Building (now the Imperial Rank), on \\'ellington Street. Belonging to
the era of I\'hich we speak, there were then, as there arc still, a number of prominent public buildings, \\ hich \\ ere the" show
places" of the period, and which to-day maintain their attractions, despite accident and the tooth of time. These arc the
Uni\ersity, the ",onnal School and Education OffiCl:, Osgoode H.III, Trinity College, Cpper Canada College, and St. James'
and St. Michael's Cathedrals. To these, the city has added in recent years an almost countless number of architectural
attractions, chiefly in the way of churches, In the m.lÎn, the style of huilding has radically changed. Of the oJd orthodox
t} pe of npensive church edifice with its tapering spire, which has gone out of fashion, Kno'l. (Presbyterian). (;ould Street
(Catholic .\postolie), St. George's (.\nglican), and a few others, remain. The recent structures if not more solid, are more
ornate and imposing. The number of them (now upwards of ISO) is a wonderful showing for a city like Toronto. Their
beauty is in many instances remarkable, the denominations seemingly \ icing with each other as to which of them shall adorn
the city \\ ith the most costly and attractive edifice. Many of the old ones are dear to us. in having survi\'ed decay, and resisted
innovation and the march of improvement. .\mong Episcopal churches. we recall a few in the once-outlying parishes which
time has \'enerated, \\ hile they retain their old lineaments. Of the numhcr are St, John's, St. Stephen's, St. Paul's, St. Peter's,

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SO lIE .-J."'PECTS OF TilE .I/ODERX eITJ:

.md I iure Trinit\. rhough in the heart of the city. the Church of the Holy Trinity ha" also escaped change, while it has
.ldded to ih associations with age and good \\orks, The other denominations can abo count their early out-post churches in
('oronto. "ome of which howe\Tr ha\'e heen modcrni/ed or rehuilt, or ha\'e passed into the possession of other ecdesiastical
hodie", In onL or t\\O instances, in the change of hands, the church huildings ha\'e hecome seculari/ed. [n the increase of
dcnomin.ltion" and the multipl} ing of churches, we seem still a long \\'.lY from the unit} of ('hri"tcndom, though h.1ppily there
.1rc signs in our da} that "peculati\ e dogma is hecoming of less, and practical morality of more, importance. In the long run,
the result must he to hring the various chun-hes more dosely together.
('he increase in the numher of school huildings in Toronto, and their substantial outfit and artistic adornment, arc further

ratihing features in the city's recent career. .\ quarter of a century ago, if our memor} is not at fault, there \\ere not more
than eight or nine city schools, besides the Provincial, Xormal and Model Schools, chiefly for professional training. To-day the
numher has increa"ed to forty-eight, while most of the old ones have been rebuilt and enlarged. The school equipment has
.1]SO greatl} improved, \\ hill' the character of the training has advanced, The city has also added to the number of its colleges
.md scats of higher education for hoth se"es, In this and other ways, Toronto has added great]} to its attractions as a place
of re"idence, particularly for those ha\ ing families to rear and educate,
'" the e}e ranges O\er the immense area which recent years hm"e hrought within the city's cmhrace. onc notes also \\ ith
pride the e\'idences of a higher ideal in the comfort and lU\ur} of li\ ing, :\'" ot only does the \"ast numher of elegant \'i]las and
"emi-detached houses on our chief residential streets denote an increase of wealth and the enterpri"e horn uf its pos"e""ion, but
it is an indication that \\e h.lve refined our taste in domestic .Irchitecture and heightened and heautified our manner of life,
Thi" is also shO\\ n in the tasteful surround-
ings of our homes and in the houlevarding
and tree-planting of our !'.treds. The recog-
nition of the need for puhlic parks and drin
s
.Ihout the cit}. and \\hat we ha\e already
.Ichie\ed in this direction, .Ire further pleasing
features in Toronto's socia] alh'.lI1cement.
'\01' in this enumeration must we overlook
the additions \\hich phi].mthropy has of recent
\ cars made to the number of hospitals, chari-
tic" and other deemos} nary institutions in
.111 parts of the city. The g.lin in this respect
has heen large and gratifying. In these pro-
flbe evidences of practical henevolence there
is proof that the hearts of Toronto's citi/ens.
\\ ith all their \\ calth, have not hardened.
\\ hat is seen in the way of improve
ment in Toronto'" domestic and socia] life
has its counterpart in Toronto's manufactur-
ing and business life, The dingy and cramped
e"tah]ishments of other da\" have been re
placed by those of spaciousne"s, loftiness and
light. 1 f one wants to see the e\ idence of
Ihis, let him look in at the mammoth \\are
rooms of our merchant princes, at the no\\
hright and room\' fal,tories, at the palatial
h.mking houses, and at the imposing offices
of the great in"urance and loan companies
and other home
of indu"tr} and commerce. .\re there many places, obo;erves Toronto's venerable historiographer, where the
multiform affairs of men arc carried on under conditions more fa\ourahJe, on the whole. to happiness, health, and length
of day
?
"ot less worthy of comment, as marks of the cit,,'s progress \\ ithin the past h\ 0 or three decades, is the c"telbion of the
v.mou" agencies of the civic administration, and notah]y those of the Police Force and the Fire Brigade. The growth of recent
\L.US of both of these departmenh is another indication of the city's de\"dopment: and the growth i" not more rcm.ukahle than
i... the practical efficiency. \\ ith the enlargement of the municipal area. absorbing as it now docs the onee-out]ying suburhs uf
Brockton, Parkdale, Seaton \ïllage, Y orkville, and Deer Park, there ha
of neces"ity heen a considerahle addition to the city\
debt. But to,day the deht doe
not exceed t\\ehe million" of dollar!'., and it is amplv covered by the value of the enlarged and
improved city property.
Iuch, of course, requires still to be done, and large sums ha\"e yet to be e"pended ere Toronto's city
father!'. and the public generall} shall be content with the sanitary condition and the æsthctic appearance of the town, But
what has been accomplished inspires confidence in \\hat will be accomplished, and gives assurance that Toronto will continue
to add to her greatnL"" and to the material and moral enrichment of every phase of her ci\ ic life.

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II>EXCE OF :\IR5. JOHN I{IORDAN, (2UH:N'S PARK.

TORV
VTO, TOFOGR.-lFHIC.IL .-lXD DESCRIFTlI E

49

TOROXTO, TOPO(;R.\I'HIC.\L .\:-.;n IJESCRIPTIYE.

CHAPTER X[ll.

.\ R \\IBI I' Rot'" II '1'0\\ ,\", rORO'HO FRO\l THF H \RBOeR, THF ('I n ,\:0.;11 HO\\ TO SEE I r. 1'L \CFS OF Pn:J Ie
1'1 FRF"'" THI' SI(;HT-SII'R"s I l1'\"I:R \RL THI" ('I n, \"'1 IT" CHL RCHFS ,\
/I E/lLC.\I'IO.\ \L \.\() O,./fI'R 1,,,,.,,'1"
nu,,,. Irs I>RI\FS, (;\RI>I'....S, 1'\R...." \,,1> ('F\lFTFRIES, TORO
TO OYERIF\I'I:o.;(; 11'; :-'ORTHFRI\' I.l\llfS. OCCl-
VI'r\I. TORn,ro. THE <,>eITS'" P\R.... -\"'11 ITS OB]FCTS OF IXTERL"T. -THE STRITTS (a\ I'" UP TO CO\I\lFRCF.
-THE _\,'\"E\.III \\ EsrFR'\" St:ßURBS. HI<;H I'-\R..... THI" E\.HIIJITlO.... (;RoeSIIS, .-\'\"II 1HF (;,\RRISO.... < 'O\I\IO'\".

I.THOC(;H nnt a picturcsque city, Toronto is not lacking in natural and artistic heaut\",
Its chief adornment is its \later-front, as seen from the harbour and island, or the lake
beynnd. The approach by \\ater, either hy the gap or hy the western entrance to the
harbour, is singularly fine. The spires, to\\ers and cupolas of its churches and puhlic
buildings, \\ ith the imposing array of suhstantial \\arehouse" that line the shore-from,
afford an agreeable contrast to the confused mass of the cit), "Ioping up in the distance,
and mar\.. it as a place of wealth and enterprise. The impression is heightened when the
visitor passes from the steamer and is instantl} confronted \\ ith the traffic of the street:-.
and the noise and mO\ ement which are its cea"e1ess accompaniments. It is computed
that there are 3 00 miles of streets within the compass of the cit\., The name" of many of them, as we have already observed,
bespeak our English origin, to wit King, Queen, .\ddaide. Xdsnn, \\'ellingtun, Richmond, \ïctoria, .\Ibert and I oui"a Streets,
besides those that commemorate an carlier HanO\ erian era. Those in our immediate \Îcinit}, it \\ ill at once he seen, are given
up to commerce, The residential portion of the town lies to the northward, branching off Y onge Street, its main a,is, to the
east and \lest. Tu see Toronto in its pictorial aspects. let the \'isitor take a carri,lge at landing and make tno tours, starting,
sa\, from the intersection of Yonge and Front Street,,- one embracing some of the sights of the city to the east and north, the
other all that is important to the west and north. In these tours, the following itinerar} may prove of interest.
.\t the starting.puint named, three fine buildings, fairl} typical of the city'" wealth and enterprise, \I ill he sure to attract
the tuuri"t'" attention. These are the Cu,;tom House, the Torunw Branch of the Bank of :\Iontreal, and the ne\lly-en:cted
home of the local Board of Trade. The interior as \lell as the e,terior beauty of the.,e three buildings is a matter of just pride
w the citi/ens, From this point radiate
the business streets, whose massive nare,
houses may be seen on every hand, each
house or firm seeming to \ ie \\ ith its
neighhour in the erection of elegant and
commodious premises, \I ith the best f.1cili-
tics for doing business. To the west\lard.
a block and a half distant. is the well-
known hostelry of .. The ()ueen's." .\
little be}ond the latter, on the Esplanade,
is the Cnion Station, the joint terminus
of the two great railway corporations of
the J )ominion. the (;rand Trunk and the
('anadian Pacific. X ear 1)\", are the old
Parliament Buildings, \I ith \I hich Time

deals gently. pending the erection in the
',JueelÙ Park of more imposing halls for
the 1'rO\ incial I.egislature. Proceeding
north\\ard, on \' on
e Street, \\e pass suc-
cessi\ eI) the Bank of British
orth
.\merica, the Trader's Bank, the offices of
the Toronto General Trusts Co" the new
home of The Globe newspaper the chief
organ of the J jberal party in Canada
and, at the intersection of King and \' onge,

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EAR BLOOR.

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TOROXTO, TOI'OGR.II'HIC.-lI. AXD DE.\'CRII'TII'E,

the fine huilding of the Dominion H.mk. On Wellington Street, which we haH' just now passed, arc the headquarters of the
financial corporation-. -the Standard, Ontario, roronto, and Imperial Banks, the local hranches of the ;\lerchanÙ; Bank and
the Cnion n.m\.. of Canada, and t\\O Canadian :lI1d .\merican 1\Iercantile .\gencies, together \\ith the offices, surrounded by
congeries of \\ ires. of the (;reat K orth-\\ estern and the Canadian I'.lcific Telegraph ('ompanies. .\t the intersection of Yonge
.md \Zing Streets, we reach the commercial hub of the cit\", round and about \\ hich re\ 01\ e Toronto's chief trading and manu-
f.tcturing industries, in cluse touch, at all hours of the da), with its professional and social life, Here, as \\e haye ob!teryed
elsewhere. the dense tr.lffic and throng of \ehicles will not permit of more than a moment's pause. thuugh the yisitor \\hu is on
fout \\ ill no doubt be tempted tu turn aside to have a look into the shups or the shop windows, the contcnts of which furnish
impres"iYe proof of the city's wealth and buying c.lpacity. as well as of the enterprise and taste of its native manufacturing and
importing houses.
Proceeding eastward on \Zing Street, we pass many uf the finest ret.dl stores in the city. including the handsome Creùit
Yallt
) brO\\n stone buildings occupied by the Upper Canada Furniture Company and the Carpet \\'arehouse, Pre"ently we
reach Toronto Street, at the northern end of
which is the Toronto (;eneral 1'osl Office, a
handsome edifice, huilt of richly-wrought
Ohio stone, with a findy caT\'ed facade and
high mansard roof. On this street, also, is
the Receiyer-( ;eneral's Office, and a number
of the leading financial and other flourishing
institutions of the Provincial Capital. Near
b), is the local Scotland Yard, the head-
quarters of the Police Department, :ind of the
city's Fire Protection service. Continuing our
way eastward. we reach at the corner of
Church Street. St. Jamcs' Cathedral, a fine
historic edifice, \\ ith a massive tower and
graceful spire, which rears its finial ornament
"OIne 300 feet from the base, The Cathedral
has a grand nave and spacious aisles, with
apsidal chancel, underneath \\ hich, in a crypt,
sleep the fir!'.t Bishop of Toronto, Dr. John
Strachan, and its long-time rector, I >Can
(;rasett. In rear of the Cathedral grounds, is
Toronto's Free l'ublic Library, under the
intelligent supen-ision of its chief librarian,
1\1 r. J ames Rain. This useful institution, \\ ith
its branches, is maintained by a direct muni-
cipal tax amounting to about $30,000 a ycar,
and is an agency of much value in contri-
buting to the intellectual life. as well as to
the literary recreation. of the citi/ens,
In our rapid tour of the city we shaH
nut be able to U\ertake all its puints of
interest, and must narrO\\ the area of uur
sight-seeing, l'nder this compulsion we sh.dl
therefore ,\enù our way nnrth\\ard, by \\ay
of f'huTC"h Street, looking in for a brief while
at thc .Museum, ,\rt Callery and Library uf
the Education I >Cpartment, situate in the fine enclosure of St. James' Square. Here are the headquarters of the educational
system of the Province, under the administration of a l\1inister uf Educ.ttion. The .\rt (;allery and :\Iuseum contain a large
and mi<;cellaneuus collection of pictures and st.ltuary, copies of the old masters and other famous paintings, with models of
.\ssyrian and Egyptian sculpture. The adjoining buildings are used as a :\Iodel Schuul for the youth of both se"cs, and a
NUl mal School for the professional training of teachers. In the square immediately to the south which we haye passed on
the way to the Eùucation Office, stands one of the largcst ecclesiastical edifices in the I >uminiun and a special adornment to
Townt!), the :\Ietrnpolitan (:\Iethodi
t) Church. The church owes its e\istence to the denomill.ltional/eal and ability of the
Rev. I>r. 'Iorley l'un"hon, who for some )ears made Toronto his home and did much for :\Iethodism in Canada. The interior
of the building is elegant a<; \\ell as spacious, and the whule structure excites admiration for the harmony and effectiveness of
it!'. general design. Close by, on Shuter Street, is St. :\Iichacl's (R.C.) Cathedral, a massive structure \\ith a fine tower and
!'.pire, and adjuining the Cathedral is St. :\li,:hacl's P.da!"e, the .\rl'hiepisl'op.ll See Hou"e.

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<"E:-! rRAL l'RE
UY rRRIA:-i CHURCH, GR0SVFNOR S rRn r.

.I

TORONTO, TOl'OG1UPHICAL AND DE.\'CJUPTlrE.

Turning eastward, we may pass into one or othl:r of thl: tno principal residl:ntial strects of the eastern IJart of the city _
.Ian-is Street .md Sherbourne Street, On both the visitur will find some ornate villas, set out with well-kept grounds and plenty
of be.mtiful shade trees. Here he will abo fll1d "ome channing specimens of ecclesiastical architecture, a particularly attracti\ e
one being the Jan'is Street Baptist Church. In J.ln-is Street is situate the I'oronto Collegiate Institute. one of the best of the
secondary schools uf the Province, under its efficient rector, _\rehibald :\Iael\Iurchy, ;\1..\. Occupying a square ahuut ten .Irres
in è"tent, flanked hy < ;errard, Carlton and Sherhourne Streets, are the heautiful Horticultural < ;ardens and l'a\'iliun, a shrine
of Flora much frequented b) the citi/ens and the wheeled cherubs of the home. The grounds arc laid uut with gn'at taste,
and with an artist's eye for floral allurnment. In the north-east corner of the town overlooking the heautiful vale of the 1><>11,
are the city cemeteries, where sleep" the rude forefathers of the hamlet" -the old-time" Little York" with their offspring of
a later generation. Across what is known as the Rosedale Ravine, which is connectcd with the city hy two ornamental bridges,
e\tends to the northward a new and picturesque suburb of Toronto. This section of the city should he seen hy the visitor
who has an eye for the he.mtiful. There are pleasant drives in the neighbourhood, and the whole region is taken in by the new
scheme of a Belt Railway round the city, and by a cordon of public drives and parks.
'\"e shall now turn westward along Bloor Street and take a glance at Occidental Toronto. For nearly a couple of
generations, Bloor Street was the northern limit
of the city, and for long more than one-half of
the area to the south of it was covered with
\Îrgin woods. To-day, not only has the city
heen huilt up to the erst-while bounds, but it
e\tends far beyond and is now climbing the
ridge, the ancient marge of the lake, and on
this high elevation is hranching out into vast
extensions of the ton n, Here avelllles and
streets are being rapidly opened up to the west-
ward of Decr Park and Y onge Street, the real
estate agencies giving an impetus to the ci\ ic
de\c1op1l1ent. In a heautiful situation on this .,
high ground, thirty acres in extent, is being
erected the new hume for Cpper Canada Col- -.=-
lege. . \ half mile or
o to the eastward is the [

pretty woodland remetery of :\Iount Pleasant.
Pursuing our westward route on Bloor we come
to the upper boundary of the <2ueen"s Park. on
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[aster Hall, the denominational college of the
Baptist body, It is built of a rich dark.bro\\ n
stone, with dressings of hlack and red hrick.
The college is the gift of the donor whuse name
it bears, and it is affiliated with the Toronto
Cnivcrsity. On Bloor Street will be found a
continuous chain of churches, called into e,,-
istence by the recent extension to the north-
ward of the residential area of the city. rheir
elaborate architccture and elegant roominess
within are indicati\'e of the general opulence of
the neighbourhood.
Turning into the Queen's Park, a short
drive will hring the visitor to the precincts of Toronto University. \\'e say precincts, for unfortunately this grand Norman
pile, which was justly deemed the flo\\er and glory of Toronto's architecture, fell recently a prey to the fI.uncs, I.u\lily its
outer walls, anù particularly its nohle front, were saved from destruction, and the beneficence which the calamity called forth
may he experted soon to restore the building to its uscs. Though in partial ruin, the heauty of the structure and the harmony
of its design arc not concealed from the admiring spectator. .\cross the lawn from the University will be found a grouJl of
buildings, au"iliaries of the Collcge, viz. ; the new Biological In"titute, thc School of Practical Science and the l\Ieteorological
ObseT\'atory of the Province. In rear of these are Wycliffe College, the theological hall of the e\'angdical "eetiun of the
.\nglican Church, and the fine auditorium of the University Young l\Ien's Christian .\ssociation, The parent home of the
Y.
L C. .\. is in Vongc Street, a little to the south of the College .\venue. In the Queen's Park arc in course of ercrtion the
new Parliament Buildings, a vast pile which is now beginning to take nohle form and shape, though a questionahle intrusion
on the recreation grounds of the people. In the vicinity will be found a fine brÜl1/e statue of the late Hon. (;eorgc Brown,
and a monument in memory of the volunteers of the city who fell at Ridgeway, on the 2nù of June, 1866, in repelling invasion.

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"OA"I ANDS," RFSIDFNCI'. OF THE 1 ATE SENATOR JOHN I\IACIJONAIIJ.

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TOROXTO, TOFOGRAFHICAL .A.VD DE....;CRIFTJ/'E.

On the ea
tern flan\.. of the l'mk may be seen St. Michael's (R.C.) College, which is in affiliation with the Xational Cniversity.
.\ little to the westward of the Park, loo\..ing lakeward on Spadina .-\xenue, is Knox College, the training institution of the
ministry of the l're
b) terian Church, Tu the nurthwestward. in a further and recent extension of the town, is the partÎally-
erected ('athedr.tI ('hurch of St. \Jbans, This beautiíul edifice attests the apo
tolÎc 7eal and faithfulness of I)T. Sweatnun,
the .\nglic.lI1 Bishop of Toronto, under whose fostering care the Cathedral has so far been reared. On College Street will also
bl' found an almo
t continuous line of churches, all of which possess good claims to architectural beauty,
The return to the business portions of the city may be made either by the throng of \"unge Street, on the East, or by
the spacious high\\ay of Spadina .\venue, on the \rest. It may be more convenient, however, to drive down the intermediate
exit from the P.uk by way uf College .henue, with its double line of fine chestnut trees, tu Queen Street, and there t.lke .l look
into ()sgoode Hall, the seat of the great law courts of the Pro\ince. Here the Law Society uf l'pper ("anad.l has its home,
To those who know the majesty of the law, only in the person of the constable, we wuuld recommend a visit to olle or other

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MOUNT PIÆASANT CE1>IEfERY, DEER PARK.

of the courts, sitting in Banc, or a ram hIe through the Lihrary, Convocation Hall and the corridors, and up and down the great

taircases, upun which and upon the visitor the grave and learned judges look forth from their frames with august and
impressive mien,
Turning eastward, on Queen, to regain V onge Street, we reach the site, at the head of Bay Street, of the future Municipal
and County Buildings, now in course of erection. The site is a central and convenient one, and when it is cleared of the" old
rookeries" and other dilapidated rclic
of a hygone day, which at present occupy and surround it, the ne\\ and handsome pile
to he devoted to the use!. of the County and City will ha\'e an imposing appearance. The striking feature of the huilding will
be the massive and lofty clock tower, which, in the plan, forms the front façade, and presents a graceful and symmetrical appear-
ance. The "hole structure, which is modern Romanesque in style, will be a great ornament to the city, and, with the r\'ew
Parliament Buildings, will vastly increase its attractions. Close by is Knox Church, one of the earliest places of \mrship in the
cit) connected "ith the Pres!>) terian denomination, and at the head of James Street, somewhat hack from Y unge, is the

TOROXTO. TOFOGR.-lPfliCdL dXD DESCRiPTiVE

:i;\

,\nglican ('hurch of the Huh rrinit\. From the head of H.l\ Street. the \Ï...itor 1'.111 see. at the corner of Richmond. the suh-
stantial edifice erected recenth h\' the ('ouncil of the ('ollege of Phvsician... and Surgeons. From \ unge, after passing the new
,ite of the .. Confederation I.ife" huildings and \ onge Street .\rcade..l glimp,..e mm he had of .. rhe (:rand .. and Toronto
Opera Hou,..Ls; \\ hill' .1 le\\ steps oll\\.ud... \\ ill hring u,; OnCe more tu the interse(,tion of Y onge and King. Proceeding we,..t-
\\ard on the 1.1Iter ...treet, the \Ïsitur \\ ill he struck \\ ith the line a"'pect which the halllbome offices and ,..tore,.. present. the sk \
line heing agn-'e.lhl
hroken 11\ the impo,..ing- and loft
'tructure just erected for the Canada I.ife ,\ssurance ('0.. and h\' the
to\\er and pinnac\ed roof of The .1r.uï Printing Compam. The Canada I.ife building, with its "well "-indented fron;, is a
nm eI departure in the cit) 's
architectural de,..igns. and
is the cynosure of all
pa'...ers 11\ on the !'otreet.
- \nother \ en h.ullhome .ld-
dltion to this portion of
King- Slreet, and a great
ornament to rorunto. b
the ne\\ banking-hou,..e of
the Canadian Ban\.. of
('ommerce. ,..ituate at the
corner of Jordan. Oppo,..ite
to it is the :\lanning \rcade,
and at the corner of Ua\.
the printing hmbe 01 the
Toronto E7'alÎlIg Te/e.erom.
I n rear of the latter, is the
:\Tational Club: \\ hile. on
\\ elling-ton Street, arc the
Reform ('Iuh and the To-
ronto Cluh, ()n ('olhurne
Street is the home of
another ,..ocial and ljuasi-
political organLlatiun.
knO\\ n as .. The ,\Iban)'"
On King Street \\'.. are the
Carl.ldi.1I1 Pacific R'
(JfIì-
t'e.... and. he\ond York, the
rumnto .\rt (;allen' and
,\eadem\ of
Iusic. _\t the COrner of \ urk. ,..tands une of the chIef hotels of the city. the" Rossin Huuse; another 111m be
found in the .. \\ alker Hou,..e. on \ urk Street, near the Cnion St.llion. I'roceeding westward. on King. \\e COme to St.
.\ndre\\ 's Church, \\ ith its e1ahorate :\1 inster front and high Kurman tower. the chief \\ orshipping-place of I'resln terianism. of
the Old Scotch I:stahlishment t\ pe rhe huilding is one of the grand ornaments of the cit
, \djoining it. on the ,..outh-west
corner of Simcoe Street. is the elegant residence. in
a charming setting of floral terraces and 'p.Kious
\awn,... of the [ ieutenant-( ;0\ ernur of the I'w\'ince.
rhe ,..tvle of architecture is the modern French. In
the grand hall, dining-room and h.lll-roum ma\ be
...een many life ,..i/e portraits of the old (;mernors
of Cpper ('an.ld.l and tho"e uf a later regrlPe.
. \crn" from the (;uhernatorial residence, a little
hack from Kin,!!; Street, is the old hi"toric home of
C pper Canada College. rhi,.. fin ourite educational
institution of the I'rO\ ince, \\ hich \\ as moddled
\'IF\\ I Rü\1 lIlE ARI.OXAVT Cr vn IIOl"F. after the great Public Schools of England, and has
had a famous rerord. is, as \\e ha\'e ,;.lid. about to be removed to a new and ,;pacious site in the northern suhurhs of the cit\'.
Turning north\\ard from King. on John Street. and skirting the College cricket-g;rounds on the one side and .. I'he
-\rlington" Hotd on the other. \\e pass Be\'erle\ HousL. the old-time resiùence-' of the late Chief Juslice. Sir John He\erle\'
RohÎINon, At the head of the 'treet. just be\'ond St. (;eorge.... Church. we see .. The (;range," another hi,..toric rl.,..idence the
oldest and most attracti\'e in the Clt\". This famous manor hou...e \\as built a little o\'er "event\
ear,.. agu In the late Judge
Houlton, and i,..
till in the possession of a member of his f.unil) 11\" marriagl the \\ite of I'r"fe"sor (;ulth\in
mith. In the
beautifull)-kept grounds. ample and \\ell-trimmed lawns. \\ ith .1Ilcient ehlb pl.tcidly loo1-.ing do\\ n up"n the scene. .. The
(;range" recalls a plc.l'ant hit of Old Fngbnd.

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hall complete Ihe circuit of the city if we continue our dri\ e west\\ard to the flourishing suhurbs, now included in
corporation limib, of Parkd.lle anll Brockton. with their busy separate e"\t!:nsion of \\'est roronto Junction. .\s we procecd in
this direclion. 'i.'ia Queen Street. \\e shall pass Spadina .henue. the lower portion of which, long known as Brock Street, com-
memorates in ib familiar appellation the hcro of ()ueen
ton Heights, This spacious avenue. which is douhle the width of the
ordinar
streets. is fast coming under the dominion of commerce. and \\ ill soon form another great trade artery like Y onge
Street. P.lssing
till \\est\\ard. we come to Trinity University. a fine ecclcsiasticallooking edifice. set in a park of twenty acres,
\\Îth a background of romantic beaut\.. The College was founded, in IHS2, uy Bishop Strachan. in consequence of the abolition
of the theological chair in Toronto C niver
it
. at the time known as King's College. and with the Ùew of supplying the Province
\\ith an in
titution \\hich should be stricth' Church of England in its character. The College buildings were designed hy
Ir.
Ki\as Tull) , and are in the pointed st\'le of English architecture. The convocation hall and chapel are later additions to the
College equipment, Just be
ond Trinit
College. in a plot of land originally fifty aeres in extent, stalllis the Provillcial
I.ullatic ,\s
lum. soon we belie\ e to be remO\'ed out of town. To the south of the .\sylum are the Central Prison and the
\Iercer Reform.Hon, :-'till \\estward are the Orphan's Home and the Home for the Incurables, and one or t\\O other refuges for
the cit
's sick ;:.nd suffering. or the erring and the homeless. South again of the Cel)tral Prison, 011 I )ominion Ordnance rands
by the I ake shore, are the Old
and the :x e\\ Forts, and the
barracks of .. C" School of
Infantrv, rhe men attached
to the :\lilitary School form a
section of the skeleton army
of Canada. known as "regu-
lars." The School, which is
under the command of I ieut.-
Co\. Otkr. Deputy Adjutant-
(;eneral, is hou
ed in the Kew
Fort. The Old Fort, which is
historically identified with the
beginnings of Toronto and
with the incidents of the \\'ar
of 181 2, has long since lost its
acti\ e military character. U n-
trodden grass and weeds now
cover the old parade ground,
and encircle with the symhols
of peace the Russian cannon,
the wooden barrad.s, and the
embrasureù clay parapet \\ hich
commands the lake approach
to the harbour. From this.
poim an excellent \'iew of the
the \\ïman Baths, with the flitting

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TOROXTO. TOFOGRAPHICAL AND DESCRIFTfT'E.

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Island is to ue had, as far east as the club house of the Royal Canadian Yacht Club and
summer traffic of Toronto suþer mare,
\ little distance \\est\\ard, \\ ithin spacious, well-kept grounds, overlooking the lake, is a \ast congerie of buildings
de\oted to the objects of the Industrial E"\hibition .\ssociation, Here gather for a fortnight e\ery autumn an aggregate of over
3 00 ,000 people, to \ iew the displays of the I'roÙncial and
Ietropolitan manufacturers, the art e"\hiln(s, (, 'anada's flllest breeds
of horse
and cattle. and the bountiful arra) of her horticultural and agricultural products. West and north of the E\hibilion
Park lie the recently annexed suburban villages of I'.ukdale and Rrockton, and the further city-o\erflow, \\ est Toronto Junc-
tIon. The rise of the'te new and populous Torontos, within recent years, has seemed magical, for \\ here but yesterday was an
almost unbroken furest of oak and) ellO\\ pine, there is now a vast net\\ ork of streets and a\ enues, \\ ith hanùsome villas or rows
of comiguou-; houses. Before returning to the city proper. the \ isitor. if he wishes to see something of the syh'an beaut}' of
roronto\ imnwdiate surroundings, should cuntinue his dri\'e alung the lake shore to the Humber Ri\ er - the famed" Pass II by
roronto. Here he might branch northward, tu take in High ParI-., the beautifully \\uuded resort of the citi/ens, and the
munifil'ent gift of the late
Ir. J. (;, HO\\ard, an old resident. If there is leisure, the drive might be c"\tended, with quiel
enjo) me nt, by \\a) of the ne\\ a\ enues or the old concession ro,tds, so that more of the city's picturesque em'iron" may be

een. Or should there not be time for this and the \ isitor return at some future day, he ma)' then, we hope, overtake the
('ircumna\ig.niun of the cit} from the pleasant outlook of a car-\\ indow on the completed Toronto Belt Railw..!.)'.

THE ''l'FLIC IIL.\ OF TilE FROJ'I.\'Cl.JL C.JI'IT.JL

c

..h)

THE PLïH.IC :\11::', OF THI: I'RO\î
TL\1 ('.\1'1 L\L.

CHAPTER XI\'

PRO\IIXFXT CITlLtX
: GO\'FR:\\IF:\f\I, .\V\II:\lsrR\TI\E. Jl"lIlCl\I, ECCIFSI.\STlC\I, :\IFflIC\1 EI'l"l.\rIO'\-\I, :\IIIIT-\R\,
CO\l \1 ERCI.-\I , ,\ ';V OTHFR RFPRF
E:\ f\T!\ E '1'\ PFS,

HE fdl nigencies of
p.lCe haw compelled the projectors and editor of this \'olume to
limit the representation of the puhlic men who ha\e made or are making Toronto, in the
main, to contemporaries. The space taken up \\ ith \ icws illu"trati\ e of the city, pictur-
esque and historical, including the churches. public buildings, educational and deemosy-
nar) in
titutions. \ illas and pri\ ate re
idences, \\ ith some indication of Toronto's industrial,
financial and commercial enterprise, has necessarily narrowed the space to be gi\ en to
the portraits and brief hiographical sketches of the citiæns. \\"hat scope there was, it
\\.1S thought better to utiliæ it in confining the muster-roll to li\ ing Torontonians. who,
in large measure. reflect the spirit, genius and life of the communit\, and to those \\ithin
as \\ ide a classification a
the design of the \\ ork \\ ould permit. This being the plan
decided upon, the following pages \\ ill seek to preser\'e for the pre"ent and coming gener-
ations some pt.n-and-ink sketche" of the citiæns uf to,da), gathered from the profession"
and frum business and lay cirde
in the community- -embracing di\Ìnes. judges. doctors, Im\
er
, politicians. educationists,
manufacturer", .md men of commerce, I n a
oung cuuntry like Cal1.lda. \\ here indi\ idual ef!ìlrt seems to tell immediately in
the building up of the industrial and social fr.1me\\ork of a nation, it cannot hut he important that ,",ome record should be
preser\'ed of the career of prominent citiæns, and treasured. for it<; historical \'alue nu less than for it
inspiring effect upon the
)oung, among the general annals of the people. \\ïth this purpose in \Ìew, the present collection of biographies has been
made: and though, in some measure, it ma
. at the present era, be of chief interest to the subjects of the sketches themseh-es,
or to their immediate rdati\es and friends, it must certainl), in the coming time. prow of much wider and more general historic
interest. Had \\ e detailed records of the social life of the
mall communit) of .. Little York '. from which the present city has
sprung, how gladly, how interestedly. should
\\e now look into them, that \\e might know
the .. men of the time" better, and see more
clearly what \\as their daily toil and what .
manner of li\es they then led. In like man- ')

.f
nero b) generations to COme after us. these ...
pages 1113.Y he
canned, to glean SOlue record ·
of the men \\ ho are identified \\ ith the pre-
sent era of Toronto's social life and progress.
and perchance to contra"t the er.l and it!; ..
human t) pes \\ ith those of a later and doubt-
less higher stage of material and intellectual
de\elopment. \\'hat change E\'olution is to
bring in the ph) sical structures and mental
capacities of ages of unborn citiæns. \\e,
being no
eer, ha\'e it not in our power to
sa\', .\11 that it is gi\'en us to attempt. is to
deal \\ ith the present, and to open. \\ ith the
pardonable com iction that the e\.hibit. pic-
torial and hiographical, is not unworthy of
critical inspectiun. -the portrait-galler) of
"ume of the pre"ent-da) public men of the
PrO\'incial Capital.
The Hon. Sir .\Ie\.ander Campbell, KT.:\U;,. (2.C.. !'.C.. has de"en'edh' \\un the high pll
ition he holds in the com-
munity. of Lieutenant-Gm LrnOT of the I'rm ince of Ontario, H is many ) ears' unobtrusi\'e yd impurtant public ,",en ice" a",
a \Iinister of the ('rown in Canad.1, and for long the trusted leader of the Consenati\'e Part\" in the l'pper uf the t\\O
Hou"es of Parliament, before and SInce Confederation, hme earned him the respect and apprm'al of the country as \\ell as
the regard and attachment of hi", many personal friends.
ir .\Ie\.ander is uf Scotch descent. though an Englishm.1I1 11\ birth,

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"TIIF. GRA ""E;' RFS".F'CE OF I'I<OF. GOI D\\ I" S\IITII.

36

THE PUBLIC .lIE.\' OF THE PROT In.:IAL CAPITAL.

His father \\a
the late l>r. James Camphell, of the \ïllage of Hedon, near IZingston-upon-Hull, in the east riding of Yurkshire,
There Sir .\Ic"ander W.IS born in the )ear 1:)21. \\'hen ahout t\\U years old his parents emigr.lted to Can.lda and settled ne.lr
lachine, \\here the future Pro\'incial (;O\ernor spent his )outh, receiÙng his education there and at the R. C. Seminar) of St.
Hyacinthe. His f.uuily subsequentl) remO\ing to IZingston, 1.'.('" his education \\as completed at the Royal (;ramm.u School
of th.lt town. In I ð3 X , determining to follow law a
a profession, :'Ilr. C.IIIlphdl passed his prdiminar) e\amination, and in the
following \ear entered the otìice of :\Ir. now the Hon. Sir J. \. \Iacdonald. \\ here he n:mained as a student until his
.l(lmi
siun a
an atturney in I Kp.
He then formed a partner
hip
\\ ith his principal \\ hich laskd
for many years, :\Ir. Camphell
hm ing meantime heen called to
the Bar. In 1856, he was created
a (2ueen's ('ounsel. Two years
later, he enkred public life as
representative of the ('ataraqui
I >i\'i
ion in the I.egislative ('oun-
cil of the l'nitcd Canadas. I"rom
IXSð tu Confederation, :\IT.
('amphel! sat in the I .egi
latiH'
('ouncil and was for twu years
Speaker of that hody. I Juring
the :'Ilacdonald-Taché adminis-
tration, he held the portfolio of
( 'ommis
ioner of Cro\\ n lands.
I n the Confederation mo\'ement
he took an active part, aiding it
hy hi
ad\ iee and occa
ional!) b)
a weighty and dfecti\'e speech.
\\'hen <. 'onfederation W.IS con,
summated, he was nude a mem-
ber of the Privy ('ouncil, and
from T X6 7 to I Xi 3 held succes'
sively the portfolios of the Pu
t-
master-( ;eneral and :\1 inister of
the Interior. I Juring this period
:\1 r. Campbell was the (;overn,
ment leader in the Senate, and
throughout the :'Ilacken/ie
regime led the Opposition in the
same ('hamher. Cpon the ac-
cession of the ('onservati\e
Part) to power, he accepted the
portfolio of Receiver-( ;ennal,
and a )ear afterw.uds e,,('hanged
it for that of the Po
tmaskr-
(;eneral. From IX80 to IX:)i,
when he retired from the Senate
to accept the I.ieutenant-(;O\ er-
nCJTS hip of () n tario, he \\ as
successi\ ely I'ostmaster-( ;eneral,

I inister of :\1 ilitia,
I inister of
Justice, and again Postmaster-
(;eneral. In :\1 a)', I :)79, he was
created a IZ. ('. :\1. (;., and in
:' une, I XXi, \\a
appointed Lieuten.lI1t-( ;0\ ern or. For some time Sir .\le"alHler Campbell \\.1'0 l>ean of the Facult) of I aw
III (
ueen\ ('ol!t.
e, hingston, and has ah\ays taken a W.lTIIl interest in (Jueen's Cni\ersity. He i
, <,x cljzèi(l, a Bencher of
the I a\\ Snciet\, In lXXi, Sir .\Ie"ander attended the Imperial Federation ('nnferellC"l' in London a" the repre"entative of
Canada, and is understood to take a he.Hty intere!-.t in the Federation of the Empire, His puhlic c.Heer. though unC\entful.
h.IS heen hoth honourahle and u"eful. Though hy no means eluquent, Sir .\Ie"ander is a guod, .1I1d on on"lsion can be .m

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Sr. jA\H,S' CATIII'IIRAI, COI'''ER 1\.1"'11; \"1 CIII'''("H SI'l'FFrs.

,[ () If f\ 'l....TR.-l Tn E AXD Pl RIJC OFFICER.\ Ere.

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effectin:.
pl'aker. In P:uli.1mL'nt, he \\as ahl:t\" knolln a, a lo)'al friend. a true
gentleman and an honour.lhle opponent, In hi
present ex.llted office. though he
ha" not courteù popularin. he has not di
dained it. and he has \\on the respect
and good\\ill of the people.
rhere arc few men in the political arena. p.lrticularl) of this I'rO\ incl'. \\ ho
h.lve lIon, anù de
enedly lIon. a higher name than h.1s the .\ttorne\-(;eneral .md
Premier of Ontario, rhe cl.Iim of his friends for him of heing ".1 Chri
tian poli-
tici.m ,. has in !-'ome quarters. it i" "aid. heen
neen:d at. But thi
surely is
incorrect. \\ hat ha, heen deemed a "neer mu"t. Ill' think.. h.lve heen mi
taken
for a
milc of incredulit\. for incredulous ratllLr th.1I1 nmtemptuou
must he the
feding \\ ith \\ hich one loob to find .1 lofn ethical ide.11 among the influencing
motil'es and life-gO\ erning principlt." of a mudern politician. H 0\\ ever this ma\"
he, there can he no que
tiun a" to the high char.1cter hurne 11\ the honourahle
gentleman. huth in hi
official and in his pri\ate relations. The II itne
s to this i

the all-hut-uni\ers.lI .Is
ent of the puhlic mind and judgment. rhi
estimate has
heen formed. not upon a fe\\ \"ears of dexterous yet unscrupulous partl' rule. hut
upon the more nitical and severer tc
t of tll enn long \ ears of ahle, economical
and patriotic administration. The H(m. OIÎ\er 'leJ\\at wa, horn. uf Scottish
parentage. at Kingston in 1820, .\t school, it IS said. he had for hi" felluw-pupil
the present Premier of the Dominion. \\ huse Ia\\ office he afterward
entered and
studied for his profes,ion. Called to the Bar in dtp. he commenced practice in
Kingston. hut soon afteT\lards removed permanenlh' to Toronto. Here he formed a partner
hip. fir"t \\ith :'.Ir. (after\\aTlb
Ju,ticc> Burns. and secondh' with \Ir. (aftemarùs Chancellur) \ .1I1J..oughnet. I juring the nistence of these and later partner,
ship
. he rose rapidl) in his profe

ion and hecame one of the hest J..nU\ln men at the Chancer) Har. In 1856. he \\as
created a (Jueen'" ('oun
eI and acted .1'..1 commissioner for consolid.Hing the Puhlic C;eneral Statute, of Canaù.1 and Cpper
Canada, I n the follOlI ing \ ear he entered Parliament as memher for South (hford. II hich con
tituenc)' he represented until
1 X6,J. \\ hen. after the fall of the S.mdfield :'.Iardonald Coalition C ;o\'Crnment, in \\ hich he held the portfoliu of Postmaster-
C;L'neral. he accepted a \ïce-Chancdlorship and \\ithdre\\ for a time from political life, Before hi, e1e\"ation to the BL'nch, 'IT.
\lo\\at took part in the Cnion ConferencL' at Quehec, at which thL' Confederation scheme was framed. In Cktoher. 1872. he
resigned the \'ice-Chancellorship to form a ne\\ admini"tration in ()ntario on the retirement of :\Ies
rs. Blake and :\Iacken/ie
to the Otta\\a House. o\\ing to the provision of the Dual Representation .\ct, \\hich prelented memhers sitting at the same
time in the local and Federal \"semhlies. He took his seat m the Ontario Legisl.lture for
orth (hford. and hecame
\ttorne\-(;eneral and a memher of the E"ecuti\e Council for the I'rO\ince. Since ISi2. he has continuousl) represented
:\orth (hford and held the Premiership in the Local .\,,:,emhh'. ,\s the head of the PrOlincial admini"tration. \IT. .\Iowat ha"
won the full confidence of the countn. 11\' hi
\I i
e and economical management of its affairs. hy his industry and great capacit.

for business. h
hi, judicitJu
settlement
of mam trouhlesome and comple" ques-
tions. and hy in
tituting mallY reforms and
initi.tting much and beneficial legislation.
He has moreover signali/ed his career in
the Local House by man
act,; \\ hich
belong to the higher realm of ,wtesman-
ship, and b) hi!' intimate knowledge of
judicial matters and constitutionalla\\. U)
these he has been enahled on se\ eral im-
portant questions to \\ in hon(lur
for the
Pre\ ince as \\ell as to \ indicate ih righh,
rhough a staunch upholder of part\" gOI-
ernment and an uncompromising l.iheral.
\Ir. :'.lo\\a1's political \'Ìe\\
are hroad and
cOl1lprehen,i\ e. and his actions, for the
mo
1 part. are reasonable and just.
()f the bright roll of the nati\ e
judiciary there i
no one 11'110 has more
\\orthil) helped to gile character to the
('anadi.m Bench. and at the same time to
shed lustre on the profession of la\\ in
this Prm ilH'e, than has the present Chief
Justice of Ontario, It is now fifty \ ears

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DOOR\\ AY OF TOIW...,TO L 'I\'FR
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THE I'rRLIC lIE" OF THE FROl'h\'CIAL C-lI'ITAI.

...ince the Hon, John Haw
ins H,lgarty, I). C. 1... \\a" called tu the Bar of l'pper Canada. and for the space nO\\ of a generation
has he sat upon the Bench. In thl' half-centur}'s inteT\'al, the s,md in the hour-gla"s of almu"t all his professional contem-
porarie
ha
run out: while man\ e\ en of th<Jse who had seats on the Bench when he was first elevated to it ha\'e preceded him
10 the tomh. The halls which th e\" trod, and the courts in \\ hich they presided, resound no\\ only with their spectral voice and
tread. Only out of the frames that rim their pictUTl'd faces in the
corridors of Osgoode Hall. do they now look upon us, and the his-
toric memory is fain to he thankful that en
n this much is left as a
memoria] of their lives and work. Chief Justice Hagarty, like many
of his eminent colleagues on the Canadian Bench, is an Irishman.
He was born in Duhlin in I H I Ó, his father heing Registrar in His

lajesty"s Court of Prerogative for Ire]and. .\fter receiving his early
education at a pri\ate schoo] in Duhlin, the future Chief Justice
entered Trinity College in his si:\teenth year: but while still an
undergraduate he ahanùoned his academic course and came to
Canada, He had, however, received an excellent training in Classics
and English suhjects, and \\hen he hecame a resident of Toronto in
I H35, and proceeded to the study of the law, his future eminence in
that profession was at once assured, \\ïthin five years he was called

to the Bar, and in the legal circles of the time he forthwith took a
high place, Before he was five-and,twenty, he hac! hegun to make
a mark among his contemporaries, and the ease with which, even at
that early age, he won distinction is an evidence of the gifts, natura]
and acquired, with which he was endO\\eù, Besides a well-stored
mind, he had attracti\e socia] qualitie", fine literary ta"tð, a bright
mother wit and the hearing and manners of a gentleman. To this
earlv period in l\1r. Hagart}"s career, attaches his fame as a poet,
for while acti\'Cly pursuing law, in Ihe partnership which he had
formed \\ ith the Hon. John Crawford, late I.ieutenant-(;overnor of
Untario, he was fain to dally with the Muses, In 1850, he was
created a (-2.C., and in 1856 was appointed to a judgeship in the
( 'ourt of Common Pleas, Once on the Bench, preferment was rapid,
for he had in an unusual degree the qualities that well fitted him
to fulfil its high duties, In IHó2, Judge Hagarty \\as transferred to
the <}ueen's Hench, and six
year
later he was raised to
the Chief Justiceship uf his
old court. In IX7X, he
gained the Chief J ustice-
ship of the Queen \ Hench,
and in 188{ \\as cle\'ated
to the Chief Justice
hip of
Ontario. The learned
gentleman, in his private
and professional capacity,
is de"ervedly held in the
highest esteem, He is a man of many parts -a scholar, a poet, a \\ it. and an accom-
plished juri
t. He is at the same time a man of sterling character, of high principle:
,md infle"ih]e honour. <)n the Dench, while he is uniformly courteous and considerate,
he is also eminently just, and unflinching in the discharge of his duty, In IR55, the
lJniversityof I'rinit\. College, Toronto, conferred on Chid Justice Hagarty the hon-
orary degree of Doctor of laws, Knighthoud, it is understood, the Chief Justice has
declined.
It \\ ill hardly, we think, he said that we have reached in Toronto the ideal of
municipal gmernment. The strings of the ci\ ic administration in many of the depart-
ments, unhappily, still" hang loo"e." Kor do \\e ah\ays ma
e sure that we shall get
either as chief magistrate or as aldermen, men rigidly selected on the ground only of high per"onal qualifications or of moral
fitness, The municipal administration, too often, has been enn:lupcd in an atmosphere of morals neither clean nor wholesome.
\Iatters, it i" true, might he worse: we might, as in sOl11e other cities, have not onl) inl'apacit\", ignorance, and dereliction of
duty, hut gro"" hreachc" of trust and a municipal reign of Ikdzehuh. "\pathetic and inùifferent [tS our pt:oplc, for the most

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:\1 \\011. E. F. CLARKF, ì\I. P.P.
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ÁI) IIIXf.\;TRATIVE AXD PUI/LIC OFFICER.<;'
ETC.

fl9

part. .m:. it i,; .1 \\ollll"r that the ci\ ic administration is as good as it is, and that \\e h.ne not to compbin of gr.l\"er muni('ipal
maladi.:s. The trust no\\'-a-tbys is a v.:ry important and responsible on.:, for \\e have made great stride
sinc.: the .:ra of incor-
poration, In JX3
, th.: popal.ltiJn W.1S not much o\".:r I},o:>o; and th
v.llu.: of the cit
'sass.:ssable property. \\Ïthin its then fi\e
\\ards. \\.IS und.:r three-quarters of a million
En
n twenty years later. the city directory does not re\'eal a \en man'dlous
ad\ance, In 1856. the number of ha\..ers in the city was not more than 37. of hutchers 66, of plumb.:rs 16, of bankers I I, of
clerg\'111en 57. of dOt't/)rs 3ó, and of law
.:rs 108. E\en thc number of cIer\..s. usu.llly a numerous array, \\as onl) III}: :\Iodest
as arc these figurl's. the soci.11 condition then of the tU\\ n was not a matter to boast of. for the Police statistics of the period
sho\\ that of the total population, in 1857. 01lt' Í11 t'7't'r}' /lint' appears on the criminal records. On the score of morals there has
manifesth' been imprO\'emcnt, whate\'er nee,} there may he for other reforms, including sanitary renO\ation. The d.:mands. too,
are no\\ great upon the Executi\'e Offic.:rs. Chairmen and the practical heads of departments. If we want efficient administra-
tion we must soon come to a paid Ex.:cuti\"e, and economy here \\ ill be fatuous anrl ine\cusahle \\Ïth the cit
's brge and
e\"er-gro\\ ing interests. honest and cfficient administration can only be s.:cured b
perm.lI1ence in office and liheral remuner.ltion.

o man of sense who has al1\' notion of \\ h.lt is no\\ d"m.lIlded of the :\Iayor and E\ecuti\ e heads of departm"nts \\ ill hene,,-
forth \\ ithhultl either. In 'Ia)or ('I.u\..e. justice requires it to be said that he has pro\"ed an honest and efficient administrator.
His \\'orship, Ed\\ard Frederick ('I,lr\..e, :\1. 1'. 1'., ;\Iayor of the ('it) of Toronto, was born in the ('ounty of c'nan.
Ireland, .\pril 2.j.th. 1850. While quite a youth he came to l'anad,l, and for a time resided in :\Iichigan, L',
., though" the
si\tics" found him a resident of Toronto, pursuing his a\'ocation as a printer. For some years. he \\as engaged on Th,' (;Iol>e
and TIlt' Lib,'ral newspaper
. and
\\as abo on The Illlil staff as com-
positor and proof reader. In JX77,
a compan) \\as formed, for the pur-
chase of TIle Sell/lilt'!, the organ of
the ()range hody, and 1\Ir. Clarke
was chosen managing-editor. H.:
aftemards hought up the stoc\.. and
became sole proprietor. :\Ir. Clarke
has ah\ays ta\..en an acti\e interest
in secret societies. especially, we -:
helie\ e, in the C nited \\" or\..men.
Freemasons. and Lo)al Orange .\s-
sociations, In the latter organÏ/a-
tion, he \\as in 1887 elected, at the
annual meeting held at Belle\ ille,
Deputy Grand :\Iaster of the Order
in British America. I n 1886, he
first entered political life ås the
nominee of the Liheral-('onsenati\'e
party in Toronto in the ()ntario
Legislature. .\t the general elections
in the present \ ear. he was again
returned one of the three cit\ mem-
hers. In the House, he is an ani\\::
and useful repre"entati\'e, heing \\ ell
informed on the political questions
of the day. and a Auent and rearl)
spea\..er. In 1888 he \\as first returned for the :\1a
ora1ty of Toronto, and
high office he has the qualifications of industry, energ), and an intIJnate
enhances these qualifications 1)\' honest), discretion. and a good address,
Colonel Sir Casimir Stanislaus (;w\\s\..i, K.C.:\I.(;.. .\. D.C.. etc.. is dcscend.:c1 from an ancient Polish family, \\ hi('h
was ennohled in the si"\teenth century, and whose r.:present,ltin:s hdd high positions in the State. H.: is the son of Count
Stanislaus (;wwski, who was an officer in the c'mr',; Imperial Cuard. Sir ('asimir was horn at St. Petershurg on the 5 th day of
:\larch. 181 3, and as a youth was destined for a military career. In his ninth year he entered the :\rilitar) Engineering College
at Kremenct/. and in 18 3 0 he graduated and passed at once into the arm). .\t this period an insurrection hroke out in
Poland, in \\ hich nohle and serf. ci\'ilian and soldier, rose to overthrow the t
rannical rule of Constantme. Throughout the
futile rising, the young officer of Engineers took a prominent part with his ('om patriots in the struggle for freedom. He \\as in
man) engagement!; and \\as se\era[ times \\ounded, and \\a!' present at the c\puJsion uf Constantine from \\'.usaw at the clost'
of the year 18 3 0 . \fter the hattle of HO\emd, the divi!;ion of the ann) to whi('h he was attached retreated into .\ustrian terri-
tory, where the troops surrendered. The rank and file were permitted to depart, hut the officers, to the numher of ahout 600,
were imprisoned and afterwards e"\iled to the \.Jnited States. Young C/owski, with his fdlm\ c"\ilcs, arrived at XC\\ \ ork in

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ROSSIN JlOU';E, COI<'EI< OF KIN(; AXil YORK SrREEIS.

has suhsequently heen t\\ ice re-c1ectn1. For this
acquaintance with the city's affairs, :\Ir. Cl.Irke

110

TilE /'CH/jC I/E \' OF TIlE I'IWI'I\'Cf,LL CIPIT.-ll.

I
33, .1I1d four )ear' .1IIef\\anb pas
ed into ('anad.1. Thoughan e"\('ellent linguist, he W.1S not familiar \\ ith the English
tongue: hut his re
id
'rK
in th

tatcs f!:nL' him the opportunity. \\'hik tc.uJling thL' continental languages, to a('quire it. He
arri\ ed in Toronto in 1 K.p. and at once too\.. up his engineering profession, For some ) ears he was attached to the Puhlic
\\'or\..s I >epartment of the L" nited l'.lIladas and !'>peedil) showed his ability in his
offici.ll reports of \\ ork
in connection with the I'rO\ incial harbours, roads and hridges.
"ïth the opening of the faihla) era, \Ir. (;Lolls\..i, who soon associated himself with
his life-long partner,
I r. (now Sir) 1>, I.. :\!acpherson. thre\\ himself into the practical
operations of a raill\.IY contractor .1I1d engineer. In I
53, his firm ohtained the con-
tr.let for huilding the line of the (;rand I'runk from Toronto to Sarnia, and in Ihis
.md other lucr.Itill' contracts he J.1id the foundation,; of his pre!'>ent .1I11ple fortune. In
18 57, hi.. firm also estahlished and operated for 12 )ears the Toronto Rolling
!ills,
· for ,upph ing fai]\\a\, with f.Iils and other materials empJo) eù in their "olhtruction.
His chief profes
ional e"\ploit is. howe\er. the construction of the InrernationaJ R. R.
hridge which ..pan!'> the '\ iagara Ri\'er bet 1\ een Fort Erie and Buff.1.Jo. In this entef-
prisl\ which cost a million and a half of dollars. the young Polish engineer showed
his ..\..ill in 0\ ercoming gre.lt lL'dmic.d diffi('ulties Since the completion of that \\Ork,
<. 'olonel (;/owski has practicalh' retired from his arduous profession. He has since
t.Iken an ullhu
i.lstic interest in Cmadi:m riflemen and in the efficiency of this arm
of their sen'iCl:. For mam ) ear,; he was President of the I )ominion Rifle, \ssociation.
and \\'a
instrumental in sending the fir,;t ('anadian team to \\ïmh]edon, Ill] 87 2 . he
I\as appointed a l.ieut.,Colonei in Ihe ('anadian :\Iilitia. and in 1879 \\as honoured
hy heing made an aide-de-camp to Her Majest). J a
t year. he was created a hnight
Commander of the Order of St. 'I ichae] and St. (;eorge. a di
tinction at the hands
of the Cro\\ n \\ hich his puhlic sen ices in Canada \\t,'11 merited, Sir Casimir is one
of the ht:st known and most highly respectt:d of Toronto's citi/ens. He is a man. not
onh' of spot Ie,.,,, reput.ltion, hut of slt:rling integrit) and chi\'alrous honour. HL is a loyal Churchman, of the E\'angelica]
t\ pe. and has het:n a princely henefactor to \\ )Tliffe College and to the \"arious t:harities of the city. Though he has always
eSf'hewt:d puhlic life, his wise counsels and calm, dispassionate judgment. \\e su"pect, h;1\e frt:(Juently been at the sen'ice of the
State, hoth in Canada and in the
lotherland. In manners, bearing. and character, Sir Casimir (;/owski is a fine type of the
old-timt:, high-,ouled and courtly gentleman,
To tOIl nsmen as well as gO\\ nsmen, thert: are in Toronto ft:w better \..no\\ n figures th.1I1 that of the \'ent:rah]e and
much-re'pectt:d President of L" ni\'er-
sity College, To kno\\ the man is
10 ]O\'e him, and large is the circle
of those who so rt:gard him, and
who as his friends or his delJtors
hold him in the highest esteem.
Xor arc his admirers counted onh
among the Glllm/li of Toronto Cni-
\'ersit), or Jimitt:d to the ranks of
nati\'e scientists and educ.ltionists.
He is known and estet:nwd among
the sm'G/lls and lillérakl/rs of hoth
hemi!'>phere
, for both hemi"phere"
have profited hy his sen iccs to litera-
ture and scienct:, ;-.. or is it the It:ast ...
of hi'i honours to say, that he i

\"\1(1\\ n to and hdo\'t:d by the To-
ronto !'>trt:ct arab and newshoy, for
whose welfare he has toiled long and . ;., t ...
spt:nt himself in much Christian and
philanthropic \\ork. Sir I ).1Ilid \\ïl-
son \\as horn at Edinhurgh, Scot-
land, in I
I6, anù frorn an carly CA"

.1ge he de\otcd hi" life to literary
and scientific pursuit!'>, "'hill' hUI
a yo
ng ,man, he had earlwd a Europt:.111 rqlllt.nion for his rest:arehes into the archæolog) of Scolland. and fi.lf his Ie.lrned
cOIll
lb
tlOl
S ,on that and the kllldred subjt:ct of ethnology. ,\t the age of thirty,st:wn, \\ hile ardently pursuing his special
studlt:
111 bhnburgh and .IC,ting .IS st:tTdary 10 thl' Scotti
h Socid\' of ,\ntiqu:Jries. he ref'ei\'ed ,lI1d an-cpted the appointlllt:nt

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.-/ /).1/1 \'/.\1"R.-/ TI1 E ,1-\ n f'CRJ./C OFHCEN.\ ETe.

to the chair of H i
tof} and English Literature in L' ni\ er
ity College. Toronto, In this sphere hL entered upon his arduous
and life-long \\ or\... Ho\\ faithful ha\ e been his \.lbours and real his intere
t in roronto L' 11i\ ersit\,. with \\ hat Leal he ha...
de\oted himsdf to the subject
he ha
so ably and 10\ ingh taught in the College. and how inspiring and de\'ating ha
been
his influence upon the student life under his care. there is no need here to rdale, Xor is there need to sa\' a word. to al1\
gr.1duate of the ('ollege at al1\ rate. of hi;, e\'er,read) courte;,\'. of his kindness of
he.ut. of his simplicin of ch.u.teter. or of his high moral worth. Te
timol1\ to
these qualities is as abundant a;, testimol1\ is emphatic to the learning and geniu;,
of their gifted posse
sor. ,\mong Sir I Janiel \\ïlson\ published \\orb. be;,ide;, a
\\hole libr.1r) or contributions to the proceedings and tralhactions of learned
societie;,. are the foJlo\\ing: ":\Iemorials of Edinburgh in the Olden rime." (I
;'H):
"Prehistoric. \nnals of Scotland:' ( 1851 and 1 g63); "\'rehi
toric 'Ian: Researche"
into the Origin of Ci\ iliLation in the Old and the Xew \\'orlds." (d)Ó3): "ChattertlJn :
a Biographical Study:' (1869): "Calib.m: the \Iissing Link:' (lgj3): "Spring \\ïlcl
FIO\\l'rs," (a volume of \'erse): .. Reminiscences of Old Edinburgh," (18j8); and
.. \Iemoir of \\'m. ?\dson:' Publisher. (1890). Besides this mass of Iiterar) and
...cientific \\or\.., Sir I Janiel has contribUled important papers to the TramactÍolls
of ,ht' R(1)',1l SUcitl)' of Canada, of which he has been President. to other Canadian
periodicals. and to the ne\\ (ninth) edition of the Ellc..rdo/,tcdia flrita/ll/Ít:a. In
18g9. President \\ïl"on had the honour of Knighthood conferred upon him.
There are few men in the communit) \\ ho, as cititen;,. better deserve the
be
t that eulog\ could ;,a) of them than :\1r. <':old\\in Smith. \\ïth his political
opinions we ha\e here little to do. s..'1\'e to note the fact that e\en those who do not

ee e)e to e)e \\ith him in the \ie\\s he so fearlessh propounds, gi\e him credit
for the disinterestedness of his motiVes, and pa) tribute to the literar) charm, as
well as the force and lucidity, of his writmgs, \ et it i
not in a negath'e. but in
a positi\'e. aspect that \\e are compelled to \ iew the residence of one of the greatest
of modern Englishmen in our midst. For nearl) t\\enty year!> -"Ir. (
oldwin Smi!h has resided in Toronto. and to the cit) 's
charities he has gi\'en not a little of his substance and to the countn' at large much of the ripe fruit pf his thought. For
thi". Canada o\\es him a hea\')' debt, for he ha" been one of the true
t and staunchest of her friends, and perhaps the most
helpful. as \\ell as eminent, of her adopted ;,ons. :\1r. Cold\\in Smith \\as born at Reading. England, on the 23rd of .\ugust.
1823. Hi;, father \\a" a practi;,ing plnsician. well-kno\\ n and esteemed throughout (hfordshire. Like mal1\' other distinguished
Englishmen, :\1 r. (
old\\ in Smith received his earh education at Eton. from which he passed to (hford. where he conferred
honour on both school and college h) his brilliant L' ni\ er;,it\, course. . \t the L' ni\ .:rsity he gained the Ireland and Hertford

cholarships. the Chancellor's prite for I Á'1tin \"erse. and for English and I Á'1tin prose essays, and graduated \\ ith flrst-dass
honours, '1'\\ 0 years aftef\\ards he accepted a Fellowship of L'ni\"ersit\, College, for
a time became tutor, and. in 1851). \\ a;, elected Professor of :\Iodern H iston,
\\'hile at (hford. he serwd on t\\ 0 Ropl Commi...sions to inquire into the general
administration of the C ni\ ersin, as \\ ell as to e\.Ulline into the condition of both
higher and popular education in England, \lcal1\\ hilc hi;, able alh ocacy of liberal
reforms in matters educational. rdigiou" and political. \\on for him a \\orld,wide
name. and when he \i...ited \merica in IS6-t- he \\a
warml) \\elcomed and n:cei\ed
from the Hro\\ n C nh er"it) the degree of I I .)), From hi" 0\\ n C ni\ ersit) of
O\ford, he "uhsequenth' had conferred on him the degree of I J.( ',I.. In a later
\ i"it to the C nited State", his staunch adHlCacy of the 'I; orthern cau;,e throughout
the war. and his great reputation as a scholar, led to the offer of a professorship in
Cornell C ni\'ersity, The chair. \I hich 'Ir. (;old\\ in Smith accepted \\ ithout pa).
\\as that of English and ('onstitutional Hi;,tor
. 1'hi;, post he still holds, though

ince 1 8j 2 the learned gentleman has made his abode in Toronto, Here he ha"
gi\ en prestige to Canadian letters 1)\' his connection \\ ith man\ literaf\' under-
t.lkings, .md at the same time has done much to e1eyate the tone of, and hring
into 13.\'our independent, journalism. and \\ in full freedom for !>peech. His industr)
is as marked as are his ahility and independenct' as a thinker and \\ riter, This is

hown. not only in the \\ork he has done for Canadian )lcriodicals. hut for the
English and ,\merican )In,,,s, ('an,1dian. a;, he no\\' 100es to call himself. l'rofe;,,.,or
(
old\\ in Smith is still an Englishman. and he retains in his heart an ardent affec-
tion for the Old I AUld, and a real, if restrained, enthusia...m for all th.lt touches the pride and rouseS the ...pirit of a Briton.
['Iually hear'" is his interest in the well-heing of humanit\ on thi;, continent. Be
ide" the great \ olume of his journali...tic and
magaLÌne work. -"Ir. Smith ha!'. issued at \'arious times the follm\ ing puhlications: "Three English St.He
men 1') m. Crom\\ell
.1I1d Pitt ;" "1 ectures on the Stud) of Hlston :' .. The Empire": letters addres...ed to the london Dail.J' _ \
;,',': "Iri
h History

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OR GOII)\\ 1'\ S\JI rH, I).C. L.

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SIR DA:<IIEL \\'ILSO;-', LL. D.

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THE PURLIC JIEX OF THE PROrIXCIAL C-/PITAL.

amI Irish Character; .. I ife of the Pod ('01\ per: ., :\Iemoir of the N O\'elist, Jane ,\us\en;' ". \ l'rip to England:.... The
Political I >estin) of Canada;" and" Bay I ea\'es" Tr,Ulslations from the I atin Poets. In private life,
Ir. (;oldwin Smith is
,\ fine t\ pe of the courteOUs and hif!h-hred as \\ell a
accomplished English gentleman. rho ugh a man of wealth, he is perfectly
unostentatious in the display of it. In the lihrary of the old English manor
house of .. The (;range," he Ii\es a life of literary toil. brightened h) pleasant
social inkrcourse with his friends, and, h) \\ ide reading and an extensi\'e
correspondence, keeping himself in active and s\1lJpathetic touch with the
\\ orld,
rhe Hon, Edward Blake, I',c., Q,C., :\1.1'.. etc., is a Canadian hy
hirth and education, and hy all the ties that connect a puhlicist and man of
affairs with the national life of the country. If one were to take :\Ir. Blake's
name and sen'ices out of the political, the legal, and the academic world of
Canada, there would he hlotted out much that has shed lustre upon the
nation, for as
tatesman, jurist, and scholar he has not only won distinction
and honour himself, hut conferred distinction and honour upon the country.
Xor has he risen, as he might, to all the heights which \\ere \\ithin his
attainment a
the meed of hard-\\orking industry, de\'otion to the puhlic
sen'ice, and talents worthily used in the furtherance of a laudahle amhition :
for :\Ir. Blake has refused knighthood, put from, it is understood, the I >om-
inion Premiership, and declined the highest offices which are the cO\eted
priæs of the legal profession. :\Ir. Blake is the eldest son of the late Hon.
\\'m, Hume Blake, a distinguished jurist of l."pper Canada and at one time
Chancellor of the I'rmince, He was born in the Township of .\Jelaide,
County of :\Iiddlese" Ont., in 1833, and fCceived his education at l."pper
Canada College and roronto C ni\'ersity, where he graduated with honour

in 1853, .\fterwards he studied law, was called to the Bar of l.'pper Canada
1(1 18 5ó, and made a Queen's Cuunsel in I 86-t-. He is a Bencher of the I aw Society and Chancellor of the C ni\'ersity of
l'oronto. He entered the political arena in r8ó7, heing returned for South Bruce in the Ontario .-\ssemhl)', and for Ihree
\'Cars was leader of the Opposition in that hody. In r872 he succeeded the Hon. John Sand field :\Iacdonald in the I'n:mier-
ship of the Ontario Legislature, and held the office of President of the E\ecutive Council until 1
74' For a numher of ,ears
he also represented South Bruce in the I>ominion Parliament, and at one time sat for \\'est I>urham. In Xov" 1873, he was
lIude a memher of the Canadian I'ri\y Council, and joined the :\lackell7ie .\dministration, in which, for various periods, he
held the :\linislership of Justice and the I'residency of the Council. For a time ill-health withdrew him from puhlic life, and
the same cause partly ohliged him to refuse the Chancellorship of Ontario and the Chief-Justiceship of the Supreme Court of
the I >ominion, which were successin:ly offered to him. In 1876 he \'isited England
on puhlic husiness, and three years later re-entered the I >ominion Parliament as
memher for \\'est I >urham, \\ hich he continues to represent. J\I r. Blake is an Inde-
pendent-I.iheral in politics, and was until lately leader of the Opposition in the
I >ominion Parliament. .\mong the puhlie men of the Dominion he holds the foremost
place, hcing alike distinguished for his ahility and his high character.
:\Ir. \\ïlliam Ralph, :\Ieredith, Q,C., :\1.1',1'. for london, Ont., and leader of the
()ppo
ition in the PrO\ incial Legislature, was horn in the Township of \\' estminster,
Cu, 'Iiddlese\, Ont" in I 840. His father, a native of I>uhlin and graduate of Trinity
Colleg:e, was for many years Clerk of the I>i\'ision Court for Co, :\Iiddlese"\. :\Ir. \r.
R. \Ieredith was educated at the London (;rammar School and Toronto Cni\'Crsity,
In the latter he graduated in law, with the degree of LL.B., and \\as called to the Bar
of the PrO\ ince in r 861. Since then, he has practised his profession ill London. Ont"
though he is a familiar figure, and resident during the Session, in the Pro\ incial
Capital. In his profession I\lr. :\Ieredith occupies a prominent place among memhers
of the Chancer) Bar, \\ hill' his knO\dedge of Common Law is also e\tensi\'e and
sound, In 1871 he \\as elected a 13encher of the I aw Society, and in r87ó was
created a (l.C. In 1872 he first entered political life, as memher for london in the
I'rO\ incial I.egislature, and has continuously sat for that constituency. .\s a man of
marked ahility and a ...taunch Conservati\e, he naturally leads the Opposition in the
Local House, His knO\\ ledge is large and intimate of the puhlic affairs of the
PrO\ ince and Dominion, and high office. it may safely he predicted, will some day be
\\ ithin his reach, I n the political arena, though he is master of the situation, he can hardly be said to he an adroit or suc-
cLssful, hecause he is not a corrupt and an unscrupulous, leader. On the contrary, he is a gentleman of the highest character,
and .l
an opponent, though he at time
hits hard, he is more chivalrous than sometimes just to himself or his cause. In the

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.-/TJJfI\7.\'TRATII'E AXD rCBLIC OFFICERS, ETC.

6:

political game, hi
mO\e
are ah\a\'s ahove hoard, and his opposition is ne\'er factious, In the House. his follo\Ùng too often
le.ne him to pia\" a lone hand. :\Ir. :\Ieredith is a memher of the Senate of Toronto L'ni\'ersit): in religion, he IS an
I'pi.;cop,llian, It is understood that the honourahle \Iemher for london is ahout to hecome a resident of Toronto.
The Hon, Frank
mith. l'ri\y Councillor and memher of the Dominion
Senate. \\as horn at Richhill, .\rmagh. Ireland. in 18.!."? When ten years of age he
accompanied his f.lther to Canada, \\ ho
ettled near Toronto, I >uring the Rehellion
of 1R3ï, :\Ir. Fran\..
mith, though onl) in his si"\teenth Year, sened in the militia,
ht.'ing t.'ngaged chiefl) in earn ing despatches. From sir Edmund Head's adminis-
tration his st.'n'ict.'s gained him a C"ommission as a captain. ,\fter the period of the
Rehellion, :\Ir. Smith t.'ngaged in commerce and was \ery successful in that wal\.. of
life. From 18-l1} to 1867. he carrit.'d on a large IJU
iness at London, Ont., hut
af!ef\\ards remO\ed to Toronto. \\here he continues his e"\tensi\'e \\holesale grocery
trade. \rhile a resident of I ondon,
Ir.
mith sened that city as .\Iderman, and
in 18ó6 was :\Ia\'or. In other \\a)s :\Ir. Smith has heen a useful citiæn and an
acti\'e and 7ealous officer in many husiness entt.'fprises, He is President of the
Home loan Co., of the l.ondon &. Ontario Investment Co.. 'ice,l'rt.'sident of the
I >ominion Ban\... and a I >irector of the I >ominion Telq
raph Co., of the Toronto
Consumers' (;as ('0" and of the "orthern :x Pacific Junction R. R.; also a Director
of tht.' Canadian Board of the (;rand Trunk. He was Pre<;ident, too, during it,
e"\istence, of the :\ orthern E"\tension R, R, Co" and has still a large intere
t, it is
helie\'ed. in the Toronto Stred Railwa\' Co. rhe Hon. gentleman, \\ho is a Con-
sen'ati\'e in politics and a Roman Catholic in religion, \\as called to the Senate in
18ïl, and in IR:-I1 was s\\orn of the Pri\y Council. In 1851, Senator Smith
married the daughter of '1r. John O'Higgins. J.P., of Stratford, Ont, His Ottawa
address is Rideau Cluh; his home. at Toronto, is .. Ri\'er :\100111," Bloor Street East,
rhe t\\O men in the Ontario Legislature who may he regarded a!' :\Ir. :\lo\\at\ right and left hO\\er, are the Hon. :\Ir.
Fraser and the Hon. :\Ir. Hard). Both are politieally well-equipped, and hoth are kno\\ n to he men of great force of
character. Intellectualh spea\..ing, perhaps the stronger of the two is the Hon, the Commissioner of Puhlic \\'orks, Xotwith-

tanding a somewhat \\eak frame, :\Ir. Fra
er is an indefatigahle worker in his exacting department, and a doughty antagonist on
the hustings. in committee, or on the floor of the House, In the I'rO\ inci,ll Executive, :\Ir. j:raser is the representati\'e of his
co-religionists of tht.' Roman Catholic Communion, :\Ir. Fraser was horn at Brock\"ille. County Leeds, in the )ear 1839, and is
of Celtic origin. Like most men who have made their way in the \\orld, \Ir. Fraser's \'outhful da) s were days of ad\,t.'fsity,
what he gained of education heing the result of his own toil. ,\t an early age. he was an employee in the printing house of the
Brock\'ille Recorder, and from there. in 1859, passed into the law office of the Hon. .\. X. Richards. late I ieutenant-(;o\"ernor of
British Columhia. Here he pursued his legal studies \\ith earnest assiduit). and. in 1865, was called to the Bar. He hegan
the practice of his profession at Broc\..\'ille, and \\as soon looked upon as a rising
man, He had good mental abilities, and these he zealously culthated, From
the first, he took a marked and li\eh intere
t in politics, st.'e\..ing. laudahly, at once
to athance himself and the ecclesiastical cause \\ ith which he was identified, In
18ï I, a \acancy occurring in South (;rem"ille, :\Ir. Fraser came out a
a candidate
and \\as returned a memher for that constituency. On taking his
eat in the Legis,
lati\c ,\ssemhly, he was not long in displa)ing those qualities \\hich ha\e made
him noted in the House, and which soon gained for him the portfolio of I'rO\ incial
Sccretaryand Registrar. In 187-l, he e\changed this portfolio for that of the Com-
missionership of Puhlic "'or\..s. From 18ï 1 to 18ï9 he continued to represent

outh (;remille in the I egislaturt.', hut in the latter )ear he \\as returned for
Brock\ ille, and has since sat as member for that city. I hIring eighteen \'ears of
acti\\
political life, he ha!'> sen'ed the Pro\ince \\ ith exceptional ..eal and ahiht\
and heen the hard,working and most efficient chief of his department. In the
House he is a ready and po\\erful speaker, e\er alert and sometimes aggressi\'e,
particularly \\ hen the administration is challenged, or when he, himself, or his col-
leagues ha\e to he defended. He has initiated much and useful legislation, and in
this has been true to the \\atchword, as \\ell as to the principles. of Reform. 1.Ir.
Fraser is a famurite \\ ith his political friends. and though a hard hitter in dehate, he
enjoy!' the esteem and good-will of the House. In private, he is knO\\ n to he a
sincere, warm,hearted, genial and loyal friend. 1\Ir. Fraser is a 1 >irector of the
(>ntario Bank. and for many years has been a Bencher of the Law Society.
For administratiw ahilih. political sagacity, and ready command of the \\eapons of Parliamentary debatc, the Hon. ,\. S,
Hardy is, if we e'\cept his colleague. the Hon. Mr. Fraser, \\ithout a peer in the Provincial Legislature. He is one of the ablest
men in the House and a power in the Ontario Cabinet. Mr. Hardy was born of r. E. Loyalist parentage, .It l\Iount Pleasant,

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110,\, SF'õATOR FRAJ\h S\1I11l.

110". C. F. }o'RA
ER, Q.c., \1. P.P.

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TlIF; /,,./111(' IlL \' OF TIfF; l'ROIINCI,1I C.-ll'lf
lI.

COUnl) Br.mt, in the \e.lr 1X3i. There, and at the Brantford (;ramn1.lr Schoo] and the Rockwood ,\cadem), he \I.IS educ.lted.
I'a\..ing up la\\ .IS a profe"
ion, he read for it at Br.1I1tfonl, suhsequently completing his legal studies at roronto in the office of
'Ir. (aflem.lrdo; l'hief Ju
tice) H.lrrison and I1lOn1.lS Hodgins. Q.C, In l
ó5. he was called to the Klr, and began practice
in his home. at IIrantlord. 1'\10 \ears later, he \\.1-; appointed solicitor for that cit), and b) the force of his natura] talents
soon made his \la\ to the head of the profession in his county. I n I Xi 5. he was
elected a Bencher of the I aw Societ\" and in the follo\l ing \"ear was created a (J.e.
In 1Xi3.
Ir. l-LIrd) first entered 1'.lrliament, succeeding the late Hon, E. II,
(aflen\ards Chief Justice) \rood in the representation of South Brant. This con-
stituenn' he ha,
since continued to represent in the Ontario I egislature. In IX77,
he \\as appointed I'ro\ incia] Secretary and Registrar. and un the resign.ltion, in
I XXI}. of the late Hon. \1 r. Pardee. he sucCl:Cllcd that gentleman as Commissioner
of Cro\\ n lands. .\s a ]egislator. 1\Ir. Hardy has taken his full share of wor\...
The ()ntario
t.ltute Buok owns his hand in nun\" imponant measures. while the
Liber.11 Party in the l'rO\'ince find in him a staunch champion and a /ealous and
a(.ti\'t
worka. In IR7o, \Ir. Hardy married a daughter of the late Hun. Justice
:\Iorrison, In religion he is a memher of the Church of England,
rhe Hon. (;eo, \\ m. Ross, 1.1.. B., .\1.1'.1'., :\Iinister of Education for Ontario.
is a m.1I1 of many parts, and in a distincti\'e scnse has been the unaided .Irchitect of
his 0\\ n fortunes. Though not } et fifty} ears of age, he has had a \\ ide and \'aried
acquaintance \\ ith men and things, ha\'ing been a schoo] teacher and a journalist,
.1I1d now is a la\\)er. a politician. a cabinet ;ninister and an acti\l: and hard-I\or\..ing
administrator of the 1'1'0\ incial Educational system. In those \"aried spheres no
little is required of a man in these <la\'s. and it is not little that 1\1 r. Roo;s has gÏ\ en
to the public sen iet; in the fulfilment of the duties that helong to them. :\1 r.
Ross sits in the Ontario Legislature as member for "'est :\liddlese\, in which
county he lIas horn in I 8,p. He recei\"ed his early education in his nati\"e county,
and, later on, completed his studies at the Xon11al Schoo], Toronto, at \\ hich he secured a first-cbss Pro\ incia] certificate.
From .\Ibert Cni\ersit\", in 1:-1:-13. he rel'ei\ed the degree of LI ,B. In lXiI, he was appointed Inspector of Public Schools
for the Count\ of 1..1I11bton, and subsequently acted in a similar capacity for the towns of l'etrolia and Strathroy, \\'hile a
resident of Strathro), 'Ir. Ross W.IS interested in the editorial management of the Olltario Teacher and the Strathroy Age, and
at a later period \\.IS part proprietor of the Reform journal, the Huron Expmilor. His acti\e interest in education led him
to ach'ocate \\arm]) the establishment of county model schools, of which he was for a time inspector, and gained him an
appointment. \\ hich he held for four) cars, as memher of the Central ('ommitlee, an ad\ isory body attached to the :\Iinistership
of Education. 'I r. Ross first entered political life in the Dominion Parliament. where he sat for \rest :\Iiddlese"\ from I R7 2 to
IX
3. Ha\ing lost his scat in the Commons in that year he was appointed :\Iinister
of Education for ()ntario. as successor to the late Hon, ,\d.lm Cro(Jks. (2.('" .1I1d.
to qualify for holding the portfolio, he \\as returned member for \\'est :\1 iddlesl'\ in
the I oc.ll Legis]ature. since that period (I X:-I3) he has sat for that constituelK)
.md held. \\ ith much credit to himself. the important office of \I inister of Education.
\Ir. Ros" bring:s to the administration of his department the pO\\ers of a \igorous
mind, a "tore of practical e\perience as a teacher. and much enthusiasm in the
cause of popular education, In the House and on the p].ltform. :\Ir. Ross is a
forcihle and eloquent spea\..er.
I ieut.-( 'olonel, the Hon, Juhn :\Iorison (;ihson, :\I.P,I'.. PrO\incial Secretar).
\\as horn in IKp in the I'o\\nship of Toronto. County of Peel. He was educated
.It the Hamilton Centra] School and at I'oronto C ni\ ersit\, of \\ hich he is a B.. \.,
\1..\. and II..B. He had a distingui
hed Cni\'ersit) career, hming \\On the silwr
med.11 in I'lassics .1Ild modern languages, \\as prÏ/eman in ()riental languages and
.\Iso Princt' of \\ .lleo; pri/eman in 1863, He is also gold med.lllist in the F.ll'ulty
of I all. Called to the Bar in 1X67. he shortly aften\ards joined :\Ir. Franci

:\Iac\..elc.m, (2.( '.. in a la\\ partnership in Hamilton. and \\ ith th.lt gentleman has
since carried un an extensin' legal husiness. For many years :\Ir. Cihson has
heen a member of the BO.lfll of rduc.ltion of 1I.\lllilton. and for t\lU \ears lIas
Chairman of the Board. He is also Preo;ident of the St. .\ndrew\ SocÏet\" and of
the .\rt School of that cit\, and is a memher of the Senate of Toronto Cni\"ersity,

inLe IXÓI. \11'. (;ihson has been connected \\ith the volunteer force of Canada,
and for man\' \ ears has heen I.ieuknant-Colonel of the 13th (Hamilton) B.lttalinn.
For three years. Colunel (;ihson \\'.IS Pn:siclent of the Ontario RiAl' . \ssociation, has commanded the \\Ïmbledon te.\l11, and,
as a marksman himself. ha
won many trophie'i in rifle contests. \\ hen in command of the \\Ïmu]edon contingent he was

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-ID III \'ISTR.ITIIT I YD PCRUC OFFICER.'>: ETe.

(;5

in...trunwnl.11 in the k.lIn's \\inning the Kolapore Cup for the ) ear. Col. (;ibson
has held high positions in the ran\..s of :\tl"'OIlr). He is a Past I hstrict I >epUh'
(;rand :\l.1ster, and a l'.lSt (;rand Superintendent of Ro) al . \reh :\Iasonry in the
Hamilton I >i...lrict. He is also an actin: member of the Supreme ('ouneil of the
:'cottish Rite for ('anada, ('olone! (;ibson first entered political life in I XiI).
\\ hen he \\as returned member for Hamilton in the Ont.uio Legi...\ature, .\fter

piritl.'d contests in e.lCh case he \\as re-elected in I RX3 and in 1 Xð6. though un-
fortunately defeated in the general election of 1 ð9o. Though lempor.lrih \\ ithout
a se.H. there is little doubt that Col. (;ib...on will speedily find one. for he has mam
\\ann per"onal and political friends. In the meantime he continue'i to hold the
portfolio uf the I'rO\incÏal Secretanship. to which he was appointed in IXX9' \\'hile
in the Huuse. Colonel (;ib...on h.lS acted as Chairman of the I'ri\ate Bills Com-
mittee. and been a ...trong supporter and acti\'e colleague of \Ir. :\Io\\at\ adminis-
tr.Hion, In religiun. the Hon, :\Ir. (;ib...on is a I'resb) terian.
Lieut.-Col. the Hon, ,\Ie\, 'I. Ro"s. late :\1.1',1'. for \\ e...t Huron and
è\-I'ro\'incial Trea...urer. \\.IS born at I )undee. Scotl.lIld. in 1 ð21}. \\'hen onh fi\'e
\ e.lrs old. he came \\ ith hi... f.unih to c'lIlada, settling in the Tu\\ n of (;oderich.
Here he. \\as educated, and in his twentieth ) e.u entered the ...en ice of the old
Ban\.. of Cpper ClIlad.1. In lðS6-i. he acted .IS pa)master on the Buffalo & I a\..e
Huron R,R"and in lðSX \\as appointed
rreasurer of the ('ount) of Huron. a
post he held for five-and-twent\' ) ears. From I R66 to 186<). Colonel Ross \\ as
'Ianager of the t;oderich branch of the late Rmal Canadian B.lIlk. and on that
institution \\inding up ib affairs, he recei\ed thl.' appointment of :\tlllager. in thl.'
s.lIne to\\ n, of the C.lIladian Ban\.. of t 'ommerce, The latter position he held till
1 ðð3. \\ hen he \\as appointed 1)\' the t )nt.lrio (;0\ ernmLllt I'rm ineial Tre.hurer.
ha\'ing sat for \\ t'st Huron in the legislature 'iince 1 Xï S. I n the pre"ent \'ear
( 18 9 0 ). he resigned the Trea'iurl.'rship of Ontario on account of f.liling health, and .lS
the hone"t re\\ard for his long service in public life he \\.lS appointed 1)\ the I'ro-
\inei.ll (;o\"ernment Cler\.. of the Count\ Court. Toronto. SincL IX61. Colonel
Ros", has been actin'h identified \\ ith the Canadian :\Iilitia. ha\Ìng org:ani/ed and
commanded .111 .Irtillen compan) at (;oderich. and. for "ome months in 1 S66. \\as
on frontier ...en'iee \\ ith it during the è\citing period of the l'eni.1I1 Raids, I n the
latter ) ear. the \ arious \ olunteer Comp.1I1ies in Count\ H umn \\ ere organi/ed into
a battalion (the 33rd). .1Ild Colonel Ro"" W.IS appointed to its comm.lIld.
rhere are fe\\ Canadian politinans, and \\L should 'ia\ ...till fe\\er alumlli of
the Xation:tI l' nh'ersin', who do not \..no\\ the I iberal member. in the House of
('ommons. for Xorth Yor\... and the learned and popular \"ice-Chancellor of the
Cni\"ersin of Toronto. \\ïlliam \Iuloc\.. \\.IS born at Bond Hl.'ad. ('ount\ of Simcoe.
in 18,lJ. HIs father \\as the late 1'homa'
H, \Iulock, ,1.1).. T.c.n.. a nalin: of
I )ublin ; and his mother. a daughter of
John Cl\\thra. formerh of \ or\..shire, EngI.lIld. who settled at Xe\\mar\..et, and \\a...
in I ð29 Reform member for the ('ounty of Simcoe, in the I egislati\ e \ssembh of
l'.c. \"ice-Chancellor :\Iulock \\as educated at the Xe\\Inar\..et High School and
Toronto C ni\ ersit\. \\ hert' he graduated. \\ inning the gold medal in modern
1.lIlguag:e". in 1X63. .\fter graduating, he too\.. up Ia\\ as a profession. and W.J<;
called to the B.lr in 1868. ha\Ìng passed a highly creditahle e\amination. His legal
.lttainments led to his appointment as an E\aminer for four \ears in the 1.1\\
Societ\, of C,C. and as one of the I eelurer... upon Equin. From lði3 to 18ïX. he
"en'ed his C ni\'ersity a, a Senator. and in 18X I, was elel.ted 'ïù,-Chancellor. rhe
latter office he ",till hold... .1I1d admir.lbh performs its high dutie... In 1 XX2 he
entered polilical life. for \\ hich he has much aptitude. 1)\ accepting the nomination,
in the Reform interest. of :\ orth \ or\... and continues to ...it for that conslituenn
in the Dominion Parliament. In the House of Common... he brings to the ...enin
of his part\ 100al adherence to Reform principle.... much political sag.l,'in, abound-
ing energ\. and read) po\\ers in deb.lte, He i... a dear, logical and comincing
rt.lsoner. and while he delights those of hi" 0\\ n political \,ie\\.... he .llwa\'s compels
the attention, .1I1d not unfrequenth' \\ ins the applau"c. of his opponents, I n religion.

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THE /,['1I1IC JIEX OF THE PROrIXCL1L CAPITAL

:\Ir. :\Iulock is a memher uf the Church of England. His legal finn is :\Iessrs,
is prominentl} conneckd with se\eral finanrial and other enterprises, being a
p.m\". and President of the Farmers' Loan and Savings Company of this city.
The Hon. Charles ,\Ifred l>rury, E"\-:\I.I'.P., late !\Iinister of ,\griculture and
Registrar,( ;eneral for the Province of Ontario, "as horn Sept em her ,J, 18,J,J, at
Cro\\n Hill. County of Simcoe, Ont. He was educated at the Puhlic School and
al the Barrie High School. Has followed farming successfully as a business, and
very naturally was called to a Seat in the Ontario Cahinet, as a representative
farmer, on the creation of a :\1 inistership of . \griculture in the year I HH8. :\Ir. Drury,
in 1877, was elected Ree\'C of the Township of Oro, and held that office continu-
ously for twdve years, He has been a memher of the Council of the .\griculture
and .\rt!-. .,hsociation of Ontario from 1876 to the present time. and also has heen
for four years a Djrertor of the Ontario Fruit (;rowers' .\ssociation, In Octoher,
[XX2, :\1 r. Drury was elected to represent East Simcoe in the Legislati\ e ,\ssemhl}'
of Ontario, and on !\lay I "t, I 888, entered the Ontario (;on:rnment as 1\1 inister of
,\griculture, He has since retired from puhlic life. In religion. 1\1r. Drury is a
:\Iethodist, a Prohihitionist and a memher of the Order of Cood Templars,
The necutive ahilit\. of Ex-I )eputy .\ttorney-(;eneral Johnston has, in recent
years, at least, contrihuted in no small measure to the success of the :\Iowat admin-
istration, Born at Old {'amhus. Scotland, in [850, Eheneær Forsyth B1ackie
Johnston receiwd the rudiments of his
education hefore he came to Canada, He
\\as in (;uclph when called to the Har of
lJpper {'al1.lda and practired in that city
long enough to attain a leading position in the profession, \\'hile in (;udph he held
the offices of Chid of the Caledonian Society: Secretary of :\Iasonic Lodge, Xo, zSH;
Secretary of the South \\ e1lington Reform \ssociation, and President of the Liheral
Cluh. In 18HS he \\as appointed I >Cput} .\ttorney-( ;eneral for Ontario. Resigning
this important office in 18S9, he re-entered his profession and also accepted the position
of Inspector of Registry Offices. :\Ir. Johnston has successfully conducted a numher
of imp
)rtant criminal cases. He represented the Crown in the prosecution of Harvey
in the celehrated triple murder case at
(;uclph. For personal reasons. :\Ir. J 0111:-
ston declined the l.iheral nomination for
South Wellington. \\ hich was offered him
in I H86, He was appointed (}ueen's Cour:-
scl in 1X89. \Ir. Johnston is a Preshy-
terian, and prior to his appointment ao; a
( ;0\ ernment officer \\ as an ad\'mlced

1\Iulock, :\liller, Crowther & :\Iontgomery. He
Director of the roronto (;eneral Trusts Com-

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Liheral.
:\Ir. .\rchihald Blue, Deputy :\Iinis,
ter of .\griculture and the efficient and
industrious chief of the Ontario Bureau of Statistics. \\as horn of Highland Scolch
parents on a farm in the Township of Orford, County Kent. ()nt.. Fehruary 3rd.
I H,Jo. He received a good elementary education in a schoul in his nati\ e village.
and was afterwards for some time a teacher in the same seminary, For filUrtcen
} ears he pursued the profession of a journ.llist at St. Thomas and Toronto, during
elu'Ln years of whieh he edited the St. Thonl.ls jo"rnal, In 18HI. he was ap'
pointed Secretary of the Bureau of Industries, \\ hich he ahly org.mi/ed, and in
I H8,J surceeded the late Prof. Buc\..Iand as dcputy head of the I )epartment of A,l!ri-
culture, and still holds and faithfully fulfils the duties of the t\\O positions. !\Ir.
Blue marshals and corrdates facts as a gener.11 marshals and strategicall} moves
his army. Xothing could \\ell he more useful to the puhlicist than the mass of
well-classified and carefully compiled facts to he found in the statistical literature
issued by his Department. E\er} onc interested in agricultural operations, in
fmaneial, industrial and commercial interests in the PrO\ inl'e, must be :\1 r. Blue's
dcbtor for the
ef\ ice he renders in the \arious periodical issues of the Bureau, as well as in the more ambitious annual reports
and occa
ional compilations \\ hich appear from his hand under the authority of Royal Commissions. He has a special talent
for the worJ.. he performs, .1Ild hIs gifts are those bcst known and appreciated hy journalists and puhlic men who are

:'.IR. E. F. B. JOII
STO". Q C.

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'IK. ARCIllIt\1 D I3L1 F,

.-lD.lIIXISTRATIrE AXD PCRLIC OFFICER."': ETC.

(Ii

accustomeù to quarry in the literature of the Bureau. :\Ir. Blue \\as a memher and SecrdaT) of the Ro}al ("ommis
ion
appointeù h) the <;0\ ernment of Ontano to inquire into the :\1 ineral Resources of the Province in 1 ð88. He is a Fello\\ of
the .\merican .\ssociation for the .\lh'ancement of Science. and a memher of the ,\merican Economic ,\
"ociation, of the
,\merican .\eadem\ of Political and Social Science, and of the -\merican .h"ociation of ,\Iining I:ngineers. In religion, :\lr.
Blue is a Baptist: in politics, he is a I.iheral.
\1 r. Charles Lindsey, F. R.S,c., the X estor of Canadian journalism, and son-
in-I.1\\ of \\ïlliam I.}on \1.ld,enÚe, \\as horn in I.incolnshire. Engl.md, in I
Lw,
\\ hen he had passed his t\\ enty-first year, he emigrated to < 'anada, and in 1 ð,J6
joined the staff of the Toronto Exami/ler, a ne\\spaper \\hich had heen founded
ahout the Rehellion period hy the late Sir Francis Hincks, to ad\ocate Responsihle
<;o
ernment. In IgS3. '.Ir. Lindsev hecame editor of the Toronto Lt'ader, the
then chief PrO\ incial organ of the Tory part} in ('aJ1.lda, This journal he edited
\\ ith conspicuous ahility, rendering importam sen ice to the country, as well as to
his party, at a fnnnati\e period in their common histor). In Igó7 he relinquished
acti\"t
journalism on heing appointed, 11\' the late Hon, J. Sandfield :\l.lcùonald.
Registrar of the Cit} of Toronto. a position he still holds. In 186.2. :\Ir. Lind"ey
puhlished the" I ife and rimes of \\'m. I.)on :\IackenÚe, with an .\ccount of the
Rehellion of lð3ï:' a \\ork which is recognited as the chief anù authentic repository
of f.tets connected with that distracted era. ,\nother \'aluahle .lI1d \\ell-knO\\11
\\ork from '.Ir. l.indse\''s pen is entitled .. Rome in Canalla: the Cltramontane
Struggle for Supremacy O\er the Ci\il Po\\er." l'his. too, is a great repository of
facts respecting the aggression of the Romi
h Church in <luehe(' and its menace
to ci\'il liberty. Other puhlished \\ ritings of :\Ir. Lindse\'s are, a .. Statement of
the CIcrg} RL
eT\'Ls <}uestion :,. "The Prairies and the \\ e,tern :-;t.1tl'S;" and a
historical re\ iew of matters connected with the long-disputed .. Korthern and
\\ estern Bounùaries of ()ntario." \Ir. I.indse\' is understood to he one of the
chief \\ riters on our great journal of commerce, the .Iftmetm)' TÙ/les, and his ahle pen is recogni/ed in other influential
journalistic 4uarters, chiefly dealing \\ith financial and Canadian historical topics. on \\hich he is a high authority, :\Ir. I indse)
is a member of the Ro)al Society of Canada.
.\mong the chiefs of commerce in l'oronto no one has stood higher in puhlic esteem than the late Senator John '.I.lc-
donald, For fort} ) ears hi, name has heen a synon) m for husiness intq
rity and high personal \\ onh. Hi, lamented death
removed from the ran\..s of industr) one of the most honourahle and upright men who ha\e heen connected with the commerCe
of Canada. He was one of the few enterprising and successful men \\ho. if their modest) \\ould permit. could d.lim \\ith the
hest right to the appellation the honourable designation of merchant prince. ,-\mong his mam heneíactions. one of the latest.
before he \\as ta\..en hence. was the donation of $,Jo,ooo t()\\ards the erection of a ne\\ city hospital. as a memorial of a deceased
daughter. \Ir. '.Iacdonald \\as horn in Perthshire. Scotland. in I
.2,J. and \\ hen but
a lad came to Canada. His father seT\ed in the XCIII (Sutherland) Highl.mders,
and in the school of the regiment the son recei\ed his early education. e\tending it.
later on. at H.llifa"\. X.S.. and at Toronto. ,\t an earh' a
e he entered mercantik
life, though he had alwa)s a leaning to\\ards the ministr), and in the :\Icthodi
t
Church. to which he helonged, he \\as wont to act as a Ia
preacher. In hi
youth he
filled se\ eral positions of trust in business house
. and in 1 ð,JY commenced busme"s
for himself. From the first, his wish was to prosecute an e\c\usiwl) dr) -goods
husiness. and to conduct it in complete and distinct departments, each under ih indi-
\ idual head, In this, his energ} and fine lJu
iness hahits, coupled \\ ith his high moral
\\orth. made him successful: and from step to step he \\ent (JIl. e\'Cr huilding up a
large and more IUCrali\'e trade, Soon his firm grew to he one of the largest wholesale
importing huuses in the I >ominion. ,\fter he had well e,
tablished his husiness, he
ga\'e leisure tu puhlic claims upon him. and sat in the old I egislati\'e .\sseml11\ of
C.mada for \\ cst Toronto, up to the period of Confederation. For three \ears
(I S7 5,R), he sat also in the Dominion Parliament for Centre Toronto, In politics.
:\1 r. :\lacdonald \\ as an Independent Liheral, discarding the Part\ \ ote \\ hen it
tra\'ersed his personal com ictions, He too\.. a deep intercst in all puhlic questions.
and his \oice, his purse, and his pen were alwa\s at the seT\ ice of a good cause, HL
W.1S an acti\e member of the Board of Trade. a Senator of Toronto L'ni\ersit\,. a
\ isitor of \Ïctoria College. interested in the Bihle Society, the I:\"angclical .\lIiance,
the Temperance organiLation, and the Young .:\Ien's Christian ,\ssoci.nion. In lð87 he \\a
appointed .1 SelJ.\tor of the
Dominion. In Fehruary of the pre;,ent
ear (I ð9o), he died. much and \..eenly regretted.

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C"O:\AI D.

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/ 1'10,\:'>' ./ \'/) FlfEIR P./STOR.'>:

CII.-\PTE R X\'.

THE IJEKo:\II;\,\TIOXS .\;\1> THEIR P,\:-;TOl{S.

BI<IFF :-;....FTCH OF I'HE Ioc\1. RISE \:\IJ (;1<0\\ I'H OF THt. RI:PI<ESEXT\f1\'E CHI'RCHFS, THE El'bCOP\[ 1.\]1;, Ro\I.\

C\I'HOIIC, I'I<I"Sl:\l"1"I<I.\'\. \l1:I'HOI.br. B,\l'rIsr. ,\'\1> CO:'(t;R
:<;\TlOX.\I. BULlIFs, PI<O\I:,(CI.\L I'IO;\I':ERS OF REII<;IO:o.I,
Ecn FSI\STIC\I ,\'\"'\",\1 S \'\1. Sr.\rISI"lLS.

T H
ï: there is no State Church in
'anad,a,
nd no State aid given to am' denominati
n is, if we e'cept the peculiar
pnnkges guaranteed to Roman ( atholics III (Juehec, hardly the fault of the early .. rench rulers of the country, or
e\en of those, la\' and cleric, of British origin who laid the foundations of the I'rO\ince, It is unnecessary here to
refer to that hone of contenlion, the ('lergy Resef\'es, and to the attitude of the early Provincial E,ecutive, who sought
to e,c\ude all denominations hut the Church of England from participating in the prO\'ision made h) the State for the main-
tenance in t.:pper Cmada of the Protestant religion, This action, it is well-known, was long and hitterly contested hy the other

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.. denominational hodies, \\ ho were adi\'cly pursuing, in thl: face of
gnC\'OUS oÍJstacles, thcir c\angcli/ing work in \\hat was thcn a wiklcr-
ness, and had indisputahlc claims to share in the land grants of the
Crown, The matter was, in 18,Jo, happily laid at rest h
admitting
the claims of the Church of Scotl.md, the :\Iethodist hody, and one
or t\\ 0 other denominations, and h
the later scculari/ation of the
hulk of the \.inùs, ch:efl) for the purposes of education. B
right of first occupancy in the ficld, thcre was, howe\ er, some
justification for the claim aù\anced hy the .\nglican Church in the I'rovince, for the dcnomination had a church in \ ork
(Toronto) as earh a, I H03, \\ hich h) process of e\olution. suhject to the set-had,s of lire, has come to he thc C.1thedra\
Church of St. Janks of to-da) ()f thi'i church, the Rev. (;eo. Okill Stuart was the incumhcnt, and among Episcopalians he
is kno\\ as fìr'it R..:ctor of I'oronto, as well as ,\rchtleanll1 of Kingslon. :\Ir. :-;tuart was shortly aftcrwards succeeded hy that
doughty champion of the long domin.mt church. the Re\'. John Str.wh.m. 1).1).. who in I H39 hccame first Bishop of the I )iocese
of Toronto. \\ hen this I )iocesc \\.lS constituted, its area \\.IS the whole I'ro\'Ïnce of C ppcr ('.mada, Portions of the territory
were suhsequentl) hrokcn off into other I>iocesan organi/ations, \ i/.: Huron in I XS7, Ontario in 1862. ,\lgoma in 1873, and

iagara in I S7 5, To,day, the fi\'e hishops of these se\ eral dioceses administer the aff.lirs of what \\as originally one See. In
I Xr.,. the Y l'n..:r.lhl..:. th..: lirst Bishop of Toronto died, anù W.1S sUlT..:uIed hy Bishop Bethune, and h..:, in turn, W.1S followed, in

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1'01<0:0< 1"0 l'j\ 1\ I, 11.'11 \.

THE DE \'0 1/11 1 ,'.-1 TIOX\' AXD THEIR F-lSTORS.

6 !:I

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I xiI). I" Dr. :-;wealman. the present Bishop of the I >ioce...e, To-da\, the position of the Episcopal Church \Ùthin the hounds of
the :-;ee is most gratif\ ing. I n Toronto, there are no" more churches and congregations of the denomination than there were
parishes at the original cn.\Jtion of the hishopnc. \\'hen Ilr. Slrachan first hecame Rector of \ ork, there were hut five
l:piscop..1.1 clergyman in the whole of l'pper
Canada, \\'hen he hecame Bishop. thl'ir
numher had risen to se\el1t)-one. To-day
though five dioceses have heen carved out of
the Pro\ inn\ there are one hundred and si'\ty
c1erg\ men lahouring in the Toronto Iliorese
alone; and of thi
numher nearl) one-half
hold pastorates or college profe"sorships, etr..,
in the city, The mother church of the Eccle-
siastical PrO\ ince is the Cathedral Church of
:-;t. James, It has had an unusually e\ entful
history. From the unohtrusive "oaden huild-
ing, erected as a I'arish Church in \ ork at
the opening of the cenrur), it has" ith mam
\ icissitudes de\ doped inro the statdy huild-
ing "e "no" to da). In a cr)pt. under the
chancd, is the dust of him \\ ho through a
long and stOrI11\ \ife "atched mer its e\ery
interest. as well as the interest of that nohle
adjunct of the Church, the l'niversity of
Trinit\, College, "hich he founded and tended
"lth loving care. 1'0 other faithful hands in
the Episcopate has heen handed down the
tru...t to which he did justice. "ith the incen-
tives of fervent .leal and loyal ùe\()tion to
dun.

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OAK S (REF I I'RE"R\ rERIA:-' CIIl'RCH.

The Roman ('atho\ic ('hurch. though not.l large or \ en' influential hod) in Toronto. po,
se""ö a good deal of wealth,
and" ithin the sphere of its operations docs much for religion and not less for charin, I n another PrO\'ince it has a much larger
hold, and its ecclesiastical operations e'\tend OVer the whole Ilominion, :\ early t" 0 millions of the ('anadian people are of this
fold, and the Church counts among its clencal "orkers a Cardinal, eighteen Bishops, and about tweh e hi.mdred clerg\. In
Toronto it o"ns ten churches and three chapels. hesides the mother church. the Cathedral of :-;t, \Iichael,
a ('ollege, and a numher of !-ochool". charities and convents. ,\ fourth of the centur) had passed a"ay
hefore the Roman Catholics possessed a church in the cit\. Their first !-oacred edifice was St. Paul's, on
I'o\\er :-;treet. which was built in I ð2Ó. The street on which it is erected recalls the first prelate of the
diocese. Bishop I'ower. "ho in I ð-1-7 fell a \ ictim to the cholera. "hen :-;t. \Iichaer
Cathedral "as nearing
completion. His successors in the See h.lve been Bishop Charhonnd, .\rchhishop I.)nch. and the present
"orthy prelate. ,\rchhishop Walsh, ,\s an indication of the phenomenal gro\\th of Toronto, it is worth
reminding the reader that when St. \Iichael's Cathedral "as heing erected, Bishop Power "as taken to task
for planting a church in "hat "a" then a dense hush. far from the centre of the city. I.'jft\ years. after, we
ha\e seen a Bishop of ,mother communion rear a ('athedral fulh' three miles further into the hush. and
e\ en then far" ithin the Corporation limits.
From an early period Presh) terianism ohtained a foothold in
roronto. and ha" gro" n marvelloush' "ith the march of the ) ears.
rhe first minister of this hody to settle permanentl} 111 the C1l\', \\a!o the
Re\', .I.Hnes Harris. \\ ho came to Canada from Beltast as a :\rinister of
the Presh) terian Church in I reland, B) the
munificence of the late :\Ir, Je",.,e Kdchum.
the site \\as donated, in 18:?!. for tbe .. \'ork
Presh
tcrian Church,"" hich "as erected in
the follo\\ ing \ ear, and did dut} for the
denomination until 18-1- i. "hen Kno'\ Church
"as reared in its place, Before this happened,
ho\\ ever. thos,- "ho clun
to the traditions
of the Scotch Establishment had
eparated
themsehes from those who s\mpathiLed with the Disruption, and formed the old Church of St. .-\ndrew"s. with Dr. Barclay as
their pastor. From 18-1--1- to 1858. Knox'" had the benefit of the ministration" of the Rc\. Dr. Bunb. From the I.1tter period

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TilE DEXOJIIX..4 TIOA:S AXD THEIR PASTORS.

to 1879. the Re\', Dr. Topp mini
tered to the congregation in sacred things, In 1880. a new régime was begun with the
indut:tion into the pastorate of the Re\. Dr. Parsons, With the years ha\e grown the Church\ membership. Since 1858. the
roll has increased three-fold, Into the records of the other city church organiLations, which have com", into union under the
,'omprehensi\'e fold of Preshyterianism, we ha\", not space here to enter. The edifice built
in IX31 on Church Street. near the corner of .-\ddaide, and long known as "The Kirk" of
Toronto, has p:lssed from the J...en of the modern citi7en. Its traditions are, however, trea-
sured by two !>trong and influential congregations, known as "Old" and "Xew" St. .\ndrew"s.
Both churches are notable adornment" of the city. and their pa
lors Rev. (;. 1\1. :\Iilligan,
\1..\.. and Re\". l), J. :\lacdonnell, B.I>. -are men find) equipped for their work. Cooke's
Church, on (.!ueen Street East, n:presents, traditionally at least, Irish Preshyterianism. It
was erected in 1858, and was long under the pastoral charge of the Rev, \\'m. (;regg, )J.I>.,
the learned historian of Presb) terianism in
Canada. In 1886, the Re\. \\'m, Patter-
son, a natiw of County I )erry, succeeded
to the pastorate. Presbyterianism is now
well-grown in Canada. The denomination
has o\'er 900 clergy, nearly 1.900 churches
and stations, with close upon 160,000
cOlllmunic..lnts. In Toronto, there are
now t\\ entv-fi\ e churchcs connected with
the body, and two \\ell-established weekly

newspapers.

Iethodism can point to great sue
cesses in the cit), \\ here it has thirt) -four
congregations, and, architecturally, some of
the most beautiful churches. Far down in its Canadian history, :\Iethodism in the PrU\'ince was an outpost of the I\lethodist
Episcopal Church in the United States, From the earliest period its itinerant preachers tra\'elled over the rough and sparsely

ettled circuits in Cpper Canada. Not till about 1818, howe\er, was there any church organÏLation in York, In that year a
frame building was erected on King Stre
t, where the Bank of Commerce now stands. Before this, York was served hy
preachers and e'\horters, who \\ere assigned to dut) in the Home I )istriet, or Yonge Street Circuit. .\t the Conference of 182 7,
York was made a separate" station," and six years later, \\ hen a union had been consummated \\ ith the British Conference and
the main :\Iethodist body. the denomination took the name of the \\'esleyan
Iethodist Church. Some twenty years later, were
erected the .\delaide Street, Richmond Street, and Queen Street churches. and the Kew Connection :\Iethodists also founded a
church on Temperance Street. The Primitive \Iethodists also began about
this period their labours in the city, Union in time followed, and the progress
of the Church was henceforth gratifying and rapid. \\ ith the coming of
I k :\lorley PUllshon, :\Iethodism in Toronto started into new life. and the
noble edifice, the :\Ietropolitan Church, with mal1\" othd structures, were part
of the fruit. To-day, the churches of the denomilution overspread anò
beautih' the city, and testify to the devotion of both pastors and people,
In the denominational organ, the Christiall Guardiall, Methodism has an old
but \ igorous ally.
Phenomenal in Toronto has been the growth, and that within a fe\\
years, of the Baptist Communion. The body has now si'\teen churches in
the city. with the important and vigorous auxiliaries of a well-equipped C ni-
versity and an able organ in the Press. One of its earliest churches \\as the
Bond Street Church, n",ar Queen, long associated with that .realous worker,
the Rev, Dr. Fyfe, afterwards Principal of the denominational Seminary in
\\'ooc\stock. H) the late Senator \Ic:\laster's liberality. the fortunes of the
Rlpti!,t Communion brightened when he mad", the bequest for the erection and
endO\\lnent of the theological college, known as :\Ic:\lastcr Hall. \\ ith the
growth of the denomination, this Cniversity has latd) had strong additions
J made to its teaching faculty, and it is now well set on its career of useful \\ ork,
'..Jf Throughout the city, the denomination no\\ own!> sixteen handsome and well-
filled churches.
The early memories of Congregationalism in Toronto, in the m.lin,
clu,.,ter round thr",,,, churches, one old Zion Church, at the corner of Hay and ..-\deJaide Streets, associated \\ ith the names of the
Rev. John Roaf and Rev. T. S. Ellerby: two, Hond Street Church, associated with the name of the Rev. F. II. :\Iarling; and three,
the ì\'orthern Congregational Church, a,.,sociated. if we mistake not. with the name of the Rev. I Jr. ..\dam l.illie, and latterly with
thaI of the Rev, :\1 r. Burton, Beside,., these, four o\her churchu, ha\ e since been erected bv the acti\ e .real of the denomination.

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THE DEXOJfIKATIOXS AND THEIR PA
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\\' e have h.Jt ourseln
s no "pace to enumerate the churches, or to speal of the ecclesiastical \\ or\... of other religious bodies
II ho l1.1n
homes and a sphere of actil it\' in Toronto. Each of the 1'011011 ing ha\'e onto or more churches. chapel!. or meeting-
houses in the city: Ph mouth Brdhren, Reformed Episcopal, Cltholic . \postolic, (;erman Lutheran, l' nitarian, K e\\ Jerusalem,
nisei pIes,
ociety of Friends, Bible Christians, Christ.ldelphians, and J e\\ s, Besides these, there is the Temple, \\ ith numerous
branch barr.lcks. of the Sahation . \rm). The memhers and adherents of these fragmentary borlies, we ma) \\e1l helie\'e, ha\'e
reason for the faith that is in them, and. doubtless, in their own hum hIe Ilay are doing something for the :\Iaster's cause and
are as" \\ells in a dry land." It is the fa
hion now-a-days to speal hopefu1l}' of the churches dra\\ing more closely tog
ther,
and \\ e should like to think that such a thing was possible, and that denominational harriers II ill some da} fall before the fervid
onslaught of brotherh' 100'e and the \\and of union, Hut. a
we ha\e clsewhere asled, is church union, though it ma} be largely,
and from the best moti\'es earnestly, discussed at the present da}, rea1l) a practical or
essential thing, sa\'e among those denominations that are akin in doctrine and in mode of
church gU\ ernment ? \\'e thinl not. X or do we see the desirability of any fusion \1 hich
shall appear forced and discordant. For ourselves, while lIe do not fail to appreciate
the spirit which prompts to unit), \Ie are content to see some dilision of lahour amongst
the churches, and deem di\'ersit} itself not onl) a natural thing but one of the hest factors
in keeping the denominations from contracting rust. It IS true that there is much in
common among a1l Prote!.tant communions: therc is the "ame enem) to fight and the
same hea\en to he lIon. But foes ha\'e been conquered with a laridy of weapons, and
the abode of the blest has many mansions,
The Right Rev, Arthur Sweatman. \LA, n. D., though still in the prime of life,
has alread) !.pent a most acti\'e and æalous career in man) spheres of usdulness. Born
in London, England. in 183
. lIe find him as early as his si'\teenth )ear h:aching in the
Christ Church Sunda) School. \Iar) lehone, SeH:n years later he \\as Superintendent of
Jesus lane Sunda) School in the British metropolis, In 1859, he \\a
ord.lined deacon,
in the 1'0110\\ ing ) ear, priest.
Ieanwhile he had taken his degree at Cambridge, \\ ith
honours in mathematics, and gained a scholarship during his course, He \\.IS entered at
Christ"s College. . \fter ordination as priest, he accepted the positIOn of master at Islington
College, being connected at the same time a... curate, first, at Holy Trinit\, Islington, then
.n
t. Stephen's, Canonbury. In 186.=;, through the instrumentality of the then Bishop (If
Huron, he Ila
induced to cross the .\tlantic and accept the headmastership of He1lmuth College. London, a post he held for
selen ) ears. .\t the end of this period, the rectorship of Grace Church, Hrantford, lIas offered him, This he took. but at the
end of hlo \ ears left it for the position of mathematical master at t:' pper Canada C01lege, Toronto, hut soon resigned to take
once again the charge of Hellmuth C01lege. The year 1875 saw him Canon of the Cathedral at london. Ont.lrio. He lIas
appointed .-\rchdeacon of Brant. and subsequentl) acting-rector of \\" oodstock, In 1879. his Lordship \\as elected to the \ acant
Hi.;hopric of Toronto. a post, it need scarceh' be said, at once high, important. arduous and delicate. The Bishop of Toronto
has e'\ercised, in the \'ariou!. duties connected with his See, that actil it\ and .real
\\ hich, as we have seen, characterized him in earlier life, and in it his learning.
urbanih' tact and ski1l in or!!;ani.ration have fu1l scope.
'n
; :\lost Re\', John L\\alsh, D,n" the present occup..1.nt of the Roman
Catholic archi-episcopal chair in Toronto, was horn in 1830 in the Parish of
Ioon-
"oin, Count) Kilkenm, Ireland, He receil'ed his education first at St. John's
('ollege, '\'aterford, then at the Seminan' of the Sulpicians at
Jontreal. He was
ordained at twent)-four years of age. Soon after this ceremol1\ the young priest
was appointed to a mission known as the Brock \lission. His ne'\t step in what
has been a singularl) successful and hri1liant path of life, \\as to the l'arish of :'t.
\Ian's in the Toronto I )iocese. His next charge was perhaps equa1ly as great an
ad\ance upon the preceding. that, namely, of rector of St.
lichael's Cathedral,
roronto. Here he remained tllO years. .\t the close of. this period, his l;raCL
returned to St.
1
1r)'s, heing at the same time licar-general of the diocese. In
186j. when in hi" thirt\'-eighth \ear. Dr. \\'alsh was unanimousl) nominated b\' the
hierarch\' of the Ecclesiastical PrO\'ince of Quebec to the Bishopric of Sand" ich,
his mnsecration taling place in
t.
lichaer!;, Toronto. In this See, the newh-
appointed bishop had fu1l scope for the utmost acti\'it). \\'ith the co-operation of his
flock, that he succeeded in making his episcopate memorable, not a few things
testif). Xot only \\ere large and pressing debts entirely remO\ed. but the Cathedral
of london, (Jnt., begun in 1880 and opened for senice in 188:;. hecame a sub-

tantial and lastin" monument of progress made, It \Ias during his episcopate
in london that his\;race attended the Plel11.r\' Council held .It Baltimore. C pon the death of . \rchbi.;hop L) nch. in 1888,
the Bishop of london \\.IS ca1led to the _\rchi-episcol'.lte of Toronto. the high \,,,,,ition \\ hich hl: .;till occupil:", ,\rchhishol'

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AI{CHIH
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\\ .I\"h is a nun of fine education and scholarh' attainments. To these gifb he adds the attractions of a very genial disposition
alHl .1 hro.ul and liheral mind, He has aho great oratorical power, and an impressive manner in the pulpit. ,\,., an
admini"lrator he has mam e'\cellent qualities, and is much helm cd as well a
resperted hy his people.
rhe Re\. \\ m, Caven, 1).1 ).. nO\\ for more than twenty} ears Princip.ll of Kno'\ Collegt:. Toronto. was horn in tht: } ear
I X30 in the I'.lrish of Kirlcolm. \\ïgtonshire, Scotland, H is father, a descendant of the sturdy upholders of the Solemn
I eague and ('O\ulant. hrought the f.unily to Canada. settling in Xorth Ilumfries,
()n1., hut aften\ ards remm ing to the \ icinity of St. ;\Iary's. The subject of this
s\..clch received his first education under his father's hands, and suhsequently
"tudied for the ministn' in the St:minary of the t" nited Preshyterian Church at I.on,
don,On1. In 1852, he was licensed to preach. and in the same )ear too\.. mer the
parish of St. ;\Iary's and Downie. In 1870, the I'rincipalship of Kno'\ College
hecame vacant 11\ the resignation of Ilr. \\ïllis, and Dr. Cavt:n was appointed to
till the high office, Four years previous to this he was appointed 1)\' the Synod,
Professor of E'\egetical Theology and Bihlical ('riticisrn. He \\as I\loch:rator of
the Canada Preshyterian Church at the time of its union \\ ith the Preshyterian
Church in Canada in connection \\ ith the Church of Scotland. Dr, Cavcn has aho
heen President of the Ontario reachers' .\ssociation. For )ears he has heen
regarded as one of the foremost e'\ponents and wise leaders of the Preshyterian
Church in the Dominion, and the numher of young ministers who, during the last
score of )ears, have come under the influence of his academical and theological
training, a'i head of Kno'\ College, must he very large. l\Iention must also he made
of the prominent part taken hy Principal ('a\en in the recent agitation ag.Únst the
passing of the Jesuit Estates' Rill in Quehec.
.\ctive and earnest as han
heen his efforts in
this direction, he has never e'\ceeded the
hounds of justice and toleration. Principal ('aven married, in
(
reenfields. near ,-\yr. in the County of Waterloo, Ont.: hy her
se\'en children.
The Rev. Charles \\, E. Hody, D. D.. D.e. 1.., I'rO\ ost and \Ice-Chancellor of the
L"niversity of Trinity ('ollege, was horn at Claph,ull, Surrey, England, in 1851. .\fter
recei\'ing a preliminary education, he entered St. John's College, C.unhridge. in 1871,
\\as Bell Cni\ersity Schol.u in 1872, and graduated three years later with mathematical
honours, heing si'\th \\ rangIer. In I X76, he gained a st:cond-class in the Theological
Tripos; was also Carus (
reek Testament pri.rem,lIl; ,tIld in ISï8 hecame '1') r\\ hitt
Hehre\\ Scholar. .\fter this hrilliant Ulti\'ersitv career, Provost Body \\ as elected relic)\\-
and I.ecturer in Theology of his College, and also I )ivinity Lerturer in Pemhroke College,
Camhridge. I n these positions the re\ erend
gentleman did admirahle work and \\.IS
deservedly popular. H is influence o\'er
\'oung men at college \\as very great, and,
considering the fluctuations of helief among
the youth of the time, C'\tremcly heneficial.
In IXSI, Dr. Body was offered and accepted the Prmostship of Trinity College,
Toronto, In this responsihle post he has done most useful \\ork for the .\nglican
('hurch in Can.lda, and at the same time has imparted new life and vigour to the
great C IlIversit) of which he is the head, In his ten years' lahour at Trinity, the
('ollege ha!' gre.ltly increa...ed its influence and hecome an important rentre of
learning, I)r. Body hrings to his \\ork great Leal, intense earnestness, scholarh
attainments and the po\\ers of a highly cultivated mind, The Reverend, the
I'rm ost is Canon and Chancellor of the Cathedral of the Diocese,
rhe Rev. Professor \\ illiam Clark, :\1..\., 1.1..1>" who fills the chair of
\lental and 'Ioral Philosoph\', in the Cniversityof Trinit\. College, Toronto, is one
of the ahlest and most accomplished of Canada's adopted sons, a learned di\ ine,
an eloquent preacher, and a highly-equipped instructor of youth. The son of
tht: Rt:\, J.lmes Clar\.... :\1..\., Ha\iot, Scotland, he was horn at Inverury, Aherdeen-
shire, ;\[arch 26th. 182l). Prof. Clar\.. \\as educated at King's College, Aherdeen.
and Hertford College, O'\ford, at hoth of which uni\ersities he graduated. In 1857, he was ord.lÏned deacon. and in the
follc)\\ ing year priest, hy the Bishop of Worce'iter. He has held se\eral parochial charges in England, and has frequently heen
selecll"d to preach in St. Paul's, \\'estminster .\hhe), .Ull! other cathedrah. Besides puhlishing se\"Cral \'o!llnll'S of Sl.TmOnS,

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TilE DE.YO.lIIN.-lTIONS AND THEIR PASTORS.

RF.v. I'RO\OST BOla, D.O., lI.eL.

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he has had a family of

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RE\'. PHOF. W. CJ AHK, LL.[J.

THE DENùAfINA TIO '-S AND THEIR PASTORS.

i;

Prof Clark h.l
transl.Hed from the (;erman, Hefde '!. .. H iston of the Councils," and has also translated and edited Hag:enhach \
wdl-kno\\n .. Hi
lOn of Christian I>ol'trine."' Coming to C.marla in 1882, Prof. Clark \\as for a short time assist;nt at St.
(;eorgl"
. l'oronto, and \\hile ta\..ing this dut\ was simultaneoush' Ïin-ited to \\or\.. \\ith the Re\. Ik Rainsford. at Xew York,
and to take the chair of Philosoph) at Trinit\, ('ollege. Toronto. I k Clar\.. elel'ted to an'ept the latter post and was thereafter
.n once in"talled. Since then, he has had mam calls to undertake clerical and professional \\ork in the L'nited States, all of
\\ hich he has declined. though he is no stranger in ,\merican pulpit<; and at man) of the uni\ ersities and church congresses in
the neighhouring Repuhlic. In 188 7. Prof. Clark \\as appointed, hy Bishop Harris. Rald\\ in lecturer at the L' ni\"ersit\. of
\[ichigan. ,-\nn .\rhor. The fulfilment of this duty appeared in the form of an ahle and thoughtful <;erie!> of lectures. entitled,
.. Witnesses to Christ: a Contrihution to Chri"tian -\pologdics," puhlished at Chicago in the follo\\ ing )ear. I n I S8X, the
re\erend gentleman \\.I'i cho'ien Orator at Hohart College, (;ene\"a, X. y" on \\ hich occasion he had the degree of LL 1>,
conferred up:m him, and was at the same time appointed to an honoran' lectureship and gi\"en a position on the college staff.
Besides performing the arduous work of his chair at Trinit\, L'niversit\', I Jr. Clark
finds leisure to edit the Calladzilll Ch,frchlllall, to meet the mam demands upon him
for popular lectures on literar\" and religious topics of the time, and to take pulpit
dut\ in many roronto, and not a few outside, churche.. in the diocese, to \\ ho!-oe
congregations he is alwa\'s a most welcome \'isitant. In addition to this. the Pro-
fessor i" not infrequently to he met with on the platform in connection with
charitahle or other puhlic and patriotic work. Into his pulpil ministrations and
week-da\ lectures. Prof. Clark imports an amount of instruction and interest \\ hich
greatly profit as well as delight his audience. On the platform, while he is always
the scholar, he is never the pedant. hut broad-minded, alert and entertaining: in
the pulpit he possesses a genius for preaching. He has read \\ ideh and studied
deepl\", Ha\"ing "een much of men and the \\orld, he is a charming ('omersation-
alist and has the manners and high characteristic qualities of a gentleman.
The Re\. John R, Tech', B..\., Father Superior of St. \Iichaers (R,C,)
('ollege. Toronto, \\.IS horn at Richmond Hill, ('ounty \ ork, Ont., ,\ugust 2 1st,
18-1 8 . He \\as educated at the Cni\'Crsity of Toronto, from which he graduated in
I S7 I. ,\fter graduating, Father Teef) taught in the Hamilton Collegiate Institute
and other of the secondary schoo\" of the Pro\ ince for a period of three year".
He then entered the (;rand Seminar\" at :\Iontreal, where he studied theolog\". In
June, 18jS, he was ordained a priest, and was immediately thereafter attached to
St. :\Iichael's ('ollege, Toronto, as Professor of :\Iathematics. Prof. reef)'s

,'holarh- attainments, fine teaching ahilit\, and general high character led, in 1889, to his appointment as Father Superior of
St. :\Iichael's College. rhis institution, as is known, is affiliated with the
ational L'ni\'Crsity, and h\' ,irtue of his office the
Re\'. Father Tedy is a memher of the Senate of Toronto L' ni\'ersit). The Father Superior of S1. :\hchael's holds a high place
in the regard of those of his own communion, and he is also highly esteemed h) many
Protest.mts. and especially h\" the educationists of the PrO\ ince, who ha\ e the pleasure of
knO\\ ing him,
The Re\'. \\ïlliam Reid, 1).1 )., long and favourahl) known as one of the clerks of
the (;eneral ,\ssemhh' of the Presln terian Church in Canada. and agent for the Scheme"
of the hod\. \\as horn in ISI6 in the Parish of Kildrumn1\'. ,\herdeenshire. Scotland.
He \\as educated at King'
College, ,\herdeen, where he took his :\L-\. degree.
-\fter
lakin
his theological course, he was licensed to preach hy the l're!.hyterv of Fordyce, of
the Church of Scotland, in 1839, and shortly thereafter left for Canada under an appoint-
ment a!-o mi
sionar) for the (;Ia"gO\\ Colonial Society, Earl\" in r S-10 he \\as ordained
.1I1d inducted to the pastoral charge of (;rafton and Colborne, at that period attached to
the Pre,,11\ ten of Kingston, In r 8-19 he \\as called to Picton, Prince Ed\\ard Co., where
he remained until 1853. \\ hen he remO\ cd to Toronto, to hecome general agent of the
Scheme
of the Presln terian ('hurch and Editor of the EcduiaJlical and J/Ùsi{JllalJ'
Record. In 1850, Dr. Reid \\as :\[oderator of the S)llOd of the Prc'ih)terian Church; in
I8j 3 he \\as :\Ioderator of the (;eneral Assemhly of the Canada Presh) terian Church -
Ihe designation of the hody after union (in 1861) with the United Presh)terian Church:
.lI1d in 18i9 he \\as
Ioderator of the (;eneral
\ssemhl) of the Preshyterian Church in
LlI1ada, the union of the \arious hranches of the Presbyterian Church ha\ ing taken place
in 18i5. During this long interval, the no\\ \enerable di\ine has lahoured earnestly for
his denomination, and heen a trusted and faithful sef\'ant in administering the financial and general affair
of the I'resb) terian
Church in Canada. The re\'erend gentleman has also been actively connected, for a long series of years, \\ ith the L' ppcr
Canada Hible Society, and the Religious Hook and rract Society of the Provincc, In 18j6, I>r. Reid recei\ed the honorary
degree of D.n. from (Jueen'" L'ni\er"it\.. King-.wn.

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THE DENOlfIT..lT./()NS AXD THEIR PASTORS.

The Re\', Dr. Poth. the stah\art (;eneral Secrdar) of the Educational Society of the" ethodi<;t Church in Canada, \\as
horn in Count\ hrmana\.::h, Irel.wd, 1R3X, and was onlv se\enteen when he left the land of his hirth for the
ew \\'orld.
()ri!-!:inalh an l:piscopalia
l. he afkn\ards joined the
Iethodist Communion, and, after a short period passed in mdcantile
pursuits in Kin!-!:ston and Hamilton, commenced to study for the ministry, attending
\ïctoria College. Cohourg. .\t the age of h\t:nt)-three, he was ordained, having prior
to this undertaken ministerial work in :\larkham, .\urora, :\ewmarlet. and Thorold.
,\fter ordination, he assisted the Rev. Richard Jones, at London, from \\hich place he
\\as remmed to Yorhille. His ne'\t charge was the pastoratè of the new Centenary
Church at Hamilton. and in it he was eminentl) successful. From Hamilton I >r. Potts
passerl to the St. Jam",s' Stred Church, :\Iontreal, where he added success to succ",ss.
Toronto again claimed him, and he took first the :\Ietropolitan ('hurch, then the Elm
Street, then again the l\letropolitan. after which he once again \'isited :\Iontreal, taling the
St. James' Street Church, for a second tenn. This conduded, we find him once more at
the Elm Street Church, Toronto. These charges are noteworthy, showing, as they do,
hy the responsihle positions the suhject of this sketch successi\'ely fillerl, in hm\ high an
estimation he \\as and is held h) the hody to which he belongs. E\'er since his twent)-
eighth year, (Jr. Potts has been called to undertake the duties appertaining to some of the
most influential and important centres of l\Iethodism in the Dominion. Xor is it in the
pastorate alone that I>r. Potts has shone. In
1887, he was President of the Methodist Con-
ference. and he now holds the Ceneral Secre,
taryship of the Educational Society of the
('hurch. He is a member of the International
Sunda) School Committee, of the Hoard and Senate of \Ïctoria College. and also of
the Board of the \Iontreal Theological College. On the platform, Dr. Potts' fen'id
elofluence attracts large audiences and delights them,
The Rev. Henry :\1. Parsons, ().I>., Pastor of Kno'\ ('hurch, was born in
IX28 at East Haddam. Connecticut, C. S., where for lifty years his father (the Rev.
Isaac Parsons) was Pastor of the 1st Congregational Church, He rccei\'ed his pre
liminar) education at \\ïlliston Seminary, East Hampton, :\Iass., and thereafter
proceeded to Yale College. ì\ew Haven, Conn" where he graduated in 18-t8. After
teaching for some years. he entered the Connecticut Theological I nstitute, East
Windsor, to take a course in Divinity, and
then accepted the pastorate of the 1st
Congregational Church at Springfield,
.\Iass. Here Dr. Parsons laboured for
si:-.teen years, after which we find him in
charge successiwly of the Union Church,
and Oliver Church, Boston, and of the I afayette Presbyterian Church, Huff..1.lo,

. Y. While in charge of the latter, he recei\'ed, in 1880, a call to the pastorate
of Knox Church, Toronto, which had become \'acant, 0\\ ing to the lamented death,
in the preceding year, of the Re\'. Dr. Topp. This call l)r. Parsons accepted, and
has since lahoured faithfully in this old historic Presbyterian charge. C nder his
ahle ministrations Knox Church has grown rapidly in wealth and membership. Dr.
Parsons received his honorary degree of 1>.1 >, in 1888 from Knox College. Toronto,
The reverend gentleman is a devoted and learned Bible student, and is an enthusi-
astic \\orker at the Believers' :\Ieding for Bible Study held annually at :\iagara.
He also takes a keen interest in many of the religious mm'ements of the day. and
in the pulpit and on the platform is an instructive as \\'ell as a fervent and impressive
speaker.
The Rev. Daniel James :\lacdonnell, :\1..\., B.I>., Pastor of St. Andrew'"
(Presbyterian) Church, was born at Bathurst, New Brunswick, in I8-t3. He is the
son of the late Rev. (;eorge :\Iacdonnell, some time minister of St. Luke's (Kirk of
Scotland), Bathurst, but later of Fergus and :\lilton, Ont. The subject of this
sketch was educated at Bathurst, N,H., at (;alt, Ont., and at Edinburgh, Scotland. He graduated in .\rts at (.!ueen's College,
Kingston, taling thereafter a theological course at the I >i\'inity Hall in that city, and finishing his studies for tbe ministry at
(
Ia
go\\, Edinburgh and Berlin. In 1866, he was ordained in the Scotch Estahlishment hy the Preshytery of Edinburgh, and,
returning to Canada, was called to St. ,\ndrew's Church, l'eterborough. Four years afterwards, he accepted the pastorate of
St. .\ndre\\ \ Church, Toronto, in \\ hich charge he has since laboured with great .real and dcvotion. Here, his success as a
preacher incited his congregation to erect the very h.lI1dsomc edifice which adorns King Stred '''e"t, and which cost, in all, over

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REV. ,lOll" POTTS, D.I>.

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RE\'. D. J. :\1,\CDO!\l:-;EI.I., :\1..-\., B.D.

THE DEXO IfIAPATIOXS A
VD THEIR PASTORS.

75

$100,000. His gifts a
a preacher are inten!.e earne
tness, coupled with great nervous force, an impres
i\ e manner, and a
telling pll\\er of interesting hi
audience. .\nother ingredient in his popularity is his known Iiheralism in theolog
, together with
a hlunt hut acceptable way of sa\ ing fearle,.,sl) \\ hat he thinks. The reverend gentleman
w,\s one of the mo
t cordial ad\ ocates of I'resh
terian union in Canada, and contributed
in no little dcgree to its consummation in 1875. \Ir. :\Iacdonnell takes a large intere-;t in
the cit,,'s charities and other good \\orks. He i
a member of the Senate of Toronto
Cni\"ersity, and, \\t: beliew, one of the Trusteö of QueelÚ College, Kingston.
The Rev. S.unud H. hellogg, 1>,1>.. Pastor of St. James' Square I'resb) terian
Church. \\as horn in 1839 at <2uiogue, Susse'\ ClIunt
. long Island, his father heing then
in the ministn' of the Presb
terian Church of the C nitI'd States. He graduated at the
College of Xe\\ Jerse), Princeton, in 18ól. and three years later completed his di\"init\
cou."e at the Princeton Theologic....1 Seminar), of whi,'h he \\as also tutor in mathematics,
I n 18ó-t. he was ordained b
the Old School I'resb
tery of Hudson, and at the close of
that ) ear sailed for India. to undertale missionary \\orl in the Korth, \\'est prO\ inces or
H indostan. For ten \ ears the re\ erend gentleman devoted himself to evangelistic work,
first at Futtehpur. and aftemards at .\lIahabad, when the death of his \\ife, in 1876,
compelled him to return to .-\merica for the education and care of his children. For a time
he accepted a charge at I'ittshurgh, I'a.. hut in 1878 \\as appointed successor to the late
Re\. Dr. ,\, ,\, Hodge. as Professor of S)stematic rheology in the \\ estern Theological
Seminar), .\lIeghany. In this important chair he lahoured for the ne'\t eight years. at
the same time doing much in the \\ay of literary \\ork. In t886, I Jr. Kellogg accepted
a call to the St. James' Square Pre-;b) terian Church. Toronto, the pulpit of which had
heen rendered vacant hy the appointment of the Re\. I>r. John
1. King to the I'rincipalship of :\Ianitoba College. Under
Dr. Kellogg's pa
torate, the membership of the churc'h has almo,.,t doubled. Dr. Kellogg has been an industrious, life,long
student and a learned contributnr to the literar
mag,lLines and theological reviews, He is the author of a grammar of the
Hindu Lang-uage and Pialeets, the official te'\t-hook for the Indian Ci\'il SerÙce. . \ re\Ïsed and enlarged edition of this work
is shortly to he brought out in london, rng., under the patronage of Her :\lajesty\ Council for India, Dr. Kellogg's other
\\orb are "The Je\\s: or Prediction and Fulfilment;" .. The I ight of ,\sia and the Light of the World;' a comparison of
Buddhism and ('hristianit\,; "From I )eath to Resurrection;' a scriptural !.tudy of the intermediate state; and a critical and
e'\egetical work on the Book of le\"iticus. no\\ passing through the press, to form one of the is,ues of .. The E'\positor's Bible."
The re\erend gentleman, in lð77. received the degree of 1>.1>. from Princeton College, Xew Jersey; he is a member of the

enate of Kno'\ College, Toronto, and of the Foreign ;\Iissions Committee of the (;eneral .\ssemhly ; also an associate of the
\Ïctoria Institute, or Ro
al Philosophical Societ\' of (;reat Britain: and member of the .\merican Oriental Society. In 1889, I>r.
Kellogg \\as present a" a memher of tht: International Congress of Orientalists, \\ hich met at Stockholm, Sweden, under the
pre"idenc\" of King O,.,car I I.
The well,kn()\\n :\Iethodist di\"ine, the Re\'. Hugh Johnston,
L-\.. 1>.1>., was born in the Township of Southwold, Ont..
in the ) ear IR-to. Before his eighteenth hirthday, he had ohtained a first-class teacher's certificate, a licen
e to teach, and a
po"ition in the \rkona High S('hool, in the County of I ambton. He soon abandoned
school,teaching. howe\ er, for the ministry, and \\ ith this object entered \Ïctoria College,
graduating in [86-t, and recei\'ing ordination in the follo\\ ing year. His first ministerial
charge was in Toronto, his ne"t at
Iontreal, where he assisted the venerahle I>r. I )ouglas.
From thence he \\as sent to \\Ïndsor, returning from that to\\ n to Toronto. ,\t the end
of three years in this city, he spent si'\ in Hamilton, first at the Centenary Church, then
at the \\'esle\, this latter undergoing notable architectural improvements while under his
pastorate. In 1878, I>r. Johnston was in requisition by the St. Jame!'" Street Church,

Iontreal. Returning to Toronto in 1882, he took charge first of the :\Ietropolitan
Church. then of the Carlton Street Church, and subsequently of the ne\\ and handsome
Trinit\, \Iethodist Church. Dr. Johnston's acti\'ity has manifested itself in other spheres
besid
s that of the pulpit. He has \Hitten much in denominational organs, and still often
contributes de-;criptions of tra\d, etc.. to the secular press, His letters 'Hitten when
correspondent on an e'\pedition through British Columhia will be remembered by malll'.
He has also tra\'elled far and wide.
The late Rev. nr. -\leunderTopp, for O\er t\\enty years I'a
tur of Kno'\ Church,
Toronto \\ ill long be remembered as a faithful
en'ant of the
Iaster, in ministering in
sacred things to ;n influential body of the Preshyterian Church in this cit). He was
born near the old historic to\\n of Elgin,
Iorayshire, Scotland, in 1815, and \\as educated
at the Elgin Academ), and at King's College, ,-\berdeen, \\inning at the Iattd a high

cholarship, \\hich he held throughout his undergraduate course. In 1836, he was licensed to preach, and \\as at once called
to a charge in Elgin, his natiw town. Here he laboured till the era of the I )isruption, \\ hen the rewrend gentleman seceded,

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lax. S. II, KELLOGG, D.D.

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REV. H. ]OII:oISTO:ol, M.A., D,D.

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THE DE\OJffLlTIONS .IND THEIR PASTOR,r.,:

\\ ith large numhers of his clerical hrethren, from the
cotch Estahlishment. carr
ing
\\ith him nearly his whole congregation to a new clu,rch in Elgin, In this charge he
remained till 1852. when he remmed to Edinhurgh to accept the pastorate of the Ro'\,
hurgh Churrh in the famed city. In 1R5S. 1Jr. Topp recei\ed a call from Kml'\ Church,
Toronto. then recentl
under the charge of the Rt.'v, I>r. Rohcrt Hums. This I)r. l"opp
accepted. and he arrivcd in Toronto in the autumn of 1858. For t\\(:nty,one \ ears he
I.Ih(lured with great earnestness and de\"(,tiL'n in this important charge. until death O\'er-
took him and \\Ïthdrew him from the sight. hut not from the hearts, of his people. Ht.
was a wise, faithful and kiJl(lI
minister to the flock he ser\'ed. and few pa"tors have heen
more deservedly honoured and helO\'ed. I)r. Topp died on the 6th of Octohcr. 18 71)'
The Re\'. Dr. Edw.lrd HartJey I )ewart, a nati\'e of the ('oont) of ('av:m, Ireland.
left the land of his hirth at the early age of si'\
ears, his parents settling in the ('oonty
of I'derhoroogh. Ont., in 183-1-. What little schooling he was ahle to ohtain in this
district. in those carl) \'ears, was supplemented h\" a hrief term at the :\orm.ll School,
Toronto. .lfter which he for a short time .llternateh taught and studied, In lð51, ha\Ïng
joined the Wesleyan :\Iethodi
t ('horch. he commenced hi" tme life-\\'or\.. as junior preacher
on the St. Thomas Circuit. From thence he went to the Thorold and Port Hope Circuits,
after \\hich he recei\ed his ordination. I)r. I k\\art's lahours have e'\knded over a wide
.Ire.\ of the I )()minion, '\"e find him, after having heen ordained. first at I )unda". then
as superintendent of the St. .-\ndre\\ 's ('ircuit, then on the Odellto\\ n Circuit. and lastly
in :\Iontreal. 0\ er-wor\.. now hegan to tell upon his health. and I)r. I >Cwart was com-
pelled to relinIJuish his duties to enahle him to recuperate. Soon, hO\\ e\'er, he re-
commenced his lahours, first at St. John's, then at Collingwood, these heing followed hy
charges at Toronto and Ingersoll. Hut I)r. I )ewart is as well-knO\\ n through the influ-
ence of hi" literar) zeal as through that of his pastoral. ,\s early as the year 186<). he
was elected to the editorial chair of the C/lristian (;uardiall. a post he has \\ orthily filled
.md still fills at the present time. He h.lS e'\cellent literary tastes, and has puhlished an
antholog\' of Canadian \'erse. hesides himself contrihuting many fine poems to the store
of our young nati\ e literature. He has also been chosen for man) responsihle and
delicate positions in the gift of his Church, and in 1873 was appointed delegate to the
British Conference during the diseussion of the important prohlem of Lnion. He was
also a member of the (Ecumenical Conference of I XR I. which met in I.ondon, England.
In the Christian Guardian he has warmly arh'ocated College Federation, and heen a
staunch supporter of the measure at the denominational gatherings and on the public
platform.
The Re\'. Henry Scadding, 1),1 )., Cantab" the wnerahle historiographer of Toronto,
.md for nearly thirty years Rector of the Church of Holy Trinity and classical master in
.t C pper Canada College,
was horn in I )e\ onshire,
England. in 1813. ('oming at an early age to Canada, he made
Toronto his home. and in the first year (1830) of the existence
of L"pper Canad.l College. he \\as head,hoy of th.lt nO\\ re-
nOI\ ned school. He then pron:eded to England and entered
St. John's College, Camhridge. from \\ hich he graduated in
1837, and three }ears later took his \L\. degree, .\fter
graduating he entered Holy Orders, and in TR3X, was ordained
a priest. In the same year he returned to Toronro .md he
c.une classical master in L'pper Canada College, For a IJuarter
of a century the reverend gentleman was identified with the
College, and for over half a century has he lnown Toronto and
heen one of its most \\orthy .md loyal sons. Throughout thi"
long period he has heen an intimate and Iming student of it!'.
local histor}, and in his Toronto of Old has g.lthered a mine
of the richest material relating to its civic life, The value of
this \\ork must increase with the passing years. and ages to
come after will treasure \\ ith increasing resJlect the lahour of it..
Iming historian. In the Semi-Centennial :\Iemorial \'olume
of Toronto (I R84), 1Jr. Seadding has enhann,d his gift to the
citi.rens 11\ the \'ahwhle monograph \\hich appears in that wor\..,
entitled" :\Iemoirs tlf the Four I >ccades of \ or\.. .. (preceding

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TIII'- I AT!' RE\. [JR. .-\1 E'\, To.'!'.

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l{f;v. DK. F, II. DFWAK I'.

THE flLXOJII.V.-lTIO.NS AND THEIR PASTORS.

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the incorpor.Ition of Toronto). Besidö the-;e important I\orks, Dr. Scadding ha" published a sheaf of e'\ceedingl) interesting
I>rt>clmre.<, chidl) rdating to hi"torical and biographical matters connected \\ ith the l'arh cih', He has abo bet:n a constant
contributor to the nati\ e periodicals on cognate suhje(.ts, For m,my ) ears he has ta\..en a warm intere"t in tht: Canadian
In
titutl'. and in the proceeding" of the \ ork Pioneer,,' organization, of both societies of \\ hich he has heen I'resident. Rarely
has a to\\ n in thl' '\ ew World had a mon' industrious and enthusia"tir son than Toronto ha" in the interesting historic figure
of I )octor Hem) :-'caddinl!,
The Kev, Dr. Stafford \\as born in Elgin Count\. Ont., in 18,)<). For three
and a half \ears he \\a-; a teacher in his natiH
count), after which he became a pro-
hationer for the ministry. He too\.. succl'"si\dy at \Ïctoria l'ni\l'rsit\, the degrees of
1:.,\.. \L\.. I I .R, and I I,D,. and \\as ordained in Elm Street. Toronto, in ISÓ-t
,\fter mini-;terial \\or\.. in Western Ontario. Dr. Stafford \\as sent for three )ears to
the [)ominion Square Church. :\Iontreal. From thence he went to Ottawa for a li\..e
period, after \\ hich he \\.IS. by unanimous vote, recalled to :\Iontreal, his mini"tration"
,11 ()tt.l\\a hein!-: meall\\ hill' !.o "ucce!.-;ful that an attempt \\ as made to secure his rdurn
to that cit\. Thi" heing inadmis"ihle. hi" ne'\t move W.IS to Winnipeg. thence to the
\Ictropolitan. Toronto, .md then to Sherbourne Street. [Ir. Stafford ha-; been placed
at tIll' head of e\'en' district in which he ha" lahoured !.ince IR7i. and has been dected
I're"ident of every ('onference [(I \\ hich he has bdonged, In 1886, he was elected
Fratert1.l1 Ilelegate to the l'nited State" \1. E, Church, and was highly eulogised on
the ahility \\ ith which he performed his
arduous and delicate duties. He is an
ardent advocate of the C nion of all
Ietho-
dist bodies in Canada, and too\.. perhaps
the most prominent part in formulating
and perfecting the basis of l'nion.
[Ir. Thoma!., I'astor of the .Ian is
Street H.Iptist Church. \\as born near Xarberth, Wales, in IX-t3. his father being the
p.lstor of the Baptist Church in that town, Early intended for the ministn', his
"tudies \\ere directed to that end. He graduated at H,nerford \\'est, and began
preaching in his si'\teenth year. His first pastorate was the r.nglish Baptist Church
at Xeath. South \rales. Coming to the Cnited States in 1868, he tool charge of
the First Bapti"t Church at Pittston, Pa. From thence, in 1871, he \\as called to
one ofthe most important pulpits in Philadelphia, and this he continued to fill till
he succeeded Dr. Ca<;tle in the Jan'is Stred pastorate. in Julv, 1882. Dr. Thomas'
sermons frequently appear in the leading denominational organs. and his publi"hed
\\ ritings on religious subjects ha\'e had exten-
,.,i\'C circulation.

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I{I!.\, !JR. E..-\. SrMFORD

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The Rev, \\ïlliam .I ohn Hunter, D, D.,
at present Pa-;tor of ('arlton Street
Iethodist
Church, \\as born at I'hillipsburg. PrO\ inre
of Quehec. in 1835. Hi,., parents emigrated to Canada in 1821, from County T)rone,
Irdand. and at first settled in LO\\er Canada, but subsequently remo\'ed to the Cpper
I'rU\'ince. Though both born in Ireland. they \\ere proud to own their descent from the
Scotch Covenanters. \fieI' recei\ ing a good public school education, Dr. Hunter in
18 5 6 entered Yictoria College \\ ith a view to the ministry, and pursued a course in classics
and metaph\'sics, \lthough prevented from completing his Cni\ersity career, he has 1.'\'1.'1'
been a diligent student. and ha<; talen diplomas for special courses in literary and
scientific subjer.ts, Twent\,fi\ e out of thirty,four ) ears of his ministerial career have been
spent in london. Hamilton, Ottawa. and Toronto. His brethren have honoured him
\\ ith many positions of trust and responsibility: he has sen ed on all the important con-
ne'\ional committees, been Chairman of District, :-,ecretary, and President of Conference,
Dr. Hunter. besides heing an ahle and popular preacher, is a strong temperance man,
.md an earnest and fearless advocate of ever) moral reform. The reverend gentleman is
also a staunch all\' of Equal Rights, and was one of the first publicly to protest against
the passing of the Jesuits r.-;tate,,' Bill.
The Re\, John Burton, \1..\.. B.D.. is a nati\e of Lngland, \\here he
education. In 1850. he came to Canada, accompanied by his brother, \\ho is a
Rroc\.. \Ï lit:. \\ hile in that cih. he was induced to stuay for the ministn', and
:\Ir{
ill College. \Iontreal, and .1 theological course in Kno'\ College. Toronto.

REV, DR. R. II. TIIO\IA<;.

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RE\. IIR. \Y. J. Ilt"\TEK.

spent his bo) hood and recei\'ed an English
wholesalc merchant in Toronto, and settled 111
\\ ith that end in \ iew took an . \rts course in
While at :\Ic(;ill, in 1860, he \\ on the pri7e for

ï8

THE DENOJrLVATIONS AND THEIR PASTORS.

.1 poem on the ol"Casion of the Ù"it of H. R, H. the Prince of Wales. Four years later. he \\as ordained hy the Presll\ter) of
Brod.Ùlle, and suceeo;si\'ely held charge" in I yn. I're"cott and Bel le\'iIIc. In 1877. he \\as elected hy the l'resh)terian (;eneral
\sscmhly a delegate to the first I'an-Presh)terian Council \\hich met in Edinhurgh in that year. Two ycars aften\ards,
Ir.
Burton accepted a call to tht' r\ onhern Congregational Church of thi" city, of \\ hich he i" "till the earnest and hard-working
pastor. He has heen chairman of the Congregational l'nion, and President of the
Toronto :\linisterial .\ssoeiation. \\'hile connected with the former body, \Ir. Burton
attended, as a delegate, the J ubilec of the Congregational l' nion of I:ngland, \\ hieh met

in :\Ianchester in 1882, taking an actiw part therein.
rhe Re\. Father Joseph J. :\lcCann is one of the Deans in the Toronto (R. ('.)
\lioce"e. and Rector of St. Helen's Roman Catholic Church, a religious outpost of the
denomination in the suhurbs of roronto. St. Helen"s Church is situated at the inter-
section of I )undas Street and Lansdowne .\venue. There it fills a useful and holds an
important position; and with its school and preshytery, and its pleasant !'urroundings of
tall graceful trees, presents a very attracti\'e appearance. The ('hurch dates back about
twenty ycars, and \\as huilt for the accommodation of those Jiving in the western limits
of Sr. l\l.uy's Parish. In 1875, it became the centre of a separate parish, \\ith the

Re\'. Father Shea as first pastor. The present incumbent. the \' cry Re\. \lean :\IcCann
took charge of St. Helen's in 1882. The congregation has since heen steadily in-
.., crea"ing, and in I 888, through the acti, it) of Father :\lcCann, the "eating capacity of the
church wa" doubled.
.J J The late Prof. Daniel .\rthur
Ic(;regor,
B..\.. Ex-Principal of :\lc!\Iaster(Baptist) Hall, To-
REV. JOH:<V llURTOl'o, .\l.A., U.D. ronto, \\as born of Scottish p.uentage in Osgoode,
Lo\\er Canada, in the year 18
7. He entered the
Uniwr
it
of Toronto, paying particular attention to the subject of :\Iental and !\I oral
Science, and took the degree of Bachelor of .\rts in 1881. Hc also took the theological
course at the Baptist Collegc. \\oodstock, Onto From 1879 to 1881 he was pastor of
Whitby Baptist Church, and in the latter year left \\'hitby for Stratford, where he held a
pa!,torate until 188ó, From Stratford, he was called to the chair of Homiletics in
'lc:\la"ter Hall, Toronto. and on the re"ignation of the Rev. I)r. Castle in 1889, Prof.
,\Ic(;regor I\as appointed Principal and also filled the chair of Theolog). \\"hile holding
the responsible po"ition of head of the College, ill-health made inroads on his vitality,

and failing to reco\'er "trength he "ought medical advice abroad, but the grim enemy
overtook him at
ew York, and he died in St. Luke's Hospital on the 25th of .\priI.
1890, at the early age of forty-three.

The Re\'. Thomas \resley Jeffery, at
pn."sent Pastor of Berkeley Street Methodist
Church, \\as born on the Island of St. :\lar- THE LATE PROF. D. A. '!CGRE{;OR, ll,A.
tins, West Indies, and educated at \\'oodhouse
Cro\'e .\eademy, in Yorkshire, England. .\fter a si" years' course of study there,
he entered different institutions, scholastic and commercial, to gain the equipment
necessary for IJractical teaching. In 1857, at the request of the Re\'. Dr. .\/1son
(;reen (the Canadian representati\'e that year to the British Conference), he came
to Canada to enter the ministry of the :\Iethodist Church, For a time he laboured
in Paris, and in 186 I, was received into full connection and ordained by the Re\',
I Jr. Joseph Stinson at Brantford. :\Ir. Jeffery has Iahoured at Pari", at :\Ielbourne ;
in the Eastern Townships (twice); at Richmond St. Circuit (h\ ice); Kingston
:"I"apanee; Elm Street, Toronto (t\\ ice) ; ()ueen Street (three times) ; Sherhourne
Street: Brampton; Bloor Street \rest (now called Trinity). and at present minister"
in Berkeley Street Church. He ha" also Iahoun:d at Cobourg and Port Hope.
ì\lr. Jeffery has the faculty of commanding large congregations of interested and
intelligent hearers who differ widely in their theological creeds. He has succeeded
in lea\'ing his church appointments numerically, finanrially, and spiritually better
than he found them. His address is original and striking, often is it poetical and
not infrequently eloquent. He prepares thoroughly, but as an C'\tempore speaker
is easy, graceful and graphic.
Re\'. John Ellis Lanceley, Pastor of the
e\\ Richmond Methodist Church,
\lcCaul Street, was horn at Hirkcnhead, Cheshire, England, January loth, 1848, Hi" father was a "'esleyan local preacher of
unusual \ igour of mind, and the son seems to have inherited the mental strength of this most exemplary Christian man. The

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RE\'. T. W. ]EHERY.

f.unih' c.llne tu Canad.1 in 1855.lIld settlerl in Cohourg, \\here young 1
'1nceIey a\ailed himself of the ad\antages of \ icturia
l'ni\'ersin' and laid the foumÜtions of a cl.1ssical and literary education. I eaving College, he spent a few year.. in raih\ay and
h.lIlking \\ork. In IXio. he entered the 'Iethodist ministr
, and served at .\urora, Chatham, Pundas, Cuelph and London,
till in IXið he lIas united in m.uriage lu 'Iiss Liuie \\'ard, of
iagara Falls, when he
\\ .1" tr.lIlsferred to X iagara ('unference. In 1888, at the request of the Quarterl
Official
Hoard of Richmond Church. he lIas remU\ed to roronto Conference. and assumed his
pre"ent charge. 'Ir. I ancele
lIas a memher of the (;eneral Conference of 1886, and
one of the
oungc;.t mini
ter
appointed to attend that venerable court. He wields the
pen of a read\ writer. and is ver
popular as a lecturer.
rhe Rev, \\ïlliam :\1011..' L'1ren, \>, \>,. Professor uf Systematic Theology in K no"\
('ullege. lIas horn of ::!cott,,,h parentage in the 1'0\\ nship of Tarholton, ('ount) ('arleton,
18z8. He \\as educated at the (;rammar School, Otta\\a, and at the Toronto .-\caden1\',
and took his theological course at Kno\ College. attending classes also at Toronto
L'ni\t:rsit\" In I ð53. Prof. '1.11..'1 aren was ordained a minister of the Presb) terian Church
uf (',lIl.lll.1. and first settled at \mherstburg, Thereafter, for a while. he undertook a
charge .11 Boston. \101"".. hut shorth returned to Canada, where he accepted a call tu
the John :->treet Church, Belle\ille and in 1870 renHJwd to Ottawa to undertake the
p.Þtorate of I--.no"\ Church, in that city. In I 8i z, he became lecturer on ,-\pologetics
in the Pre"h
tcrian College, :\Iontreal, and in the following year the (;eneral .\ssemhly
of the Church appointed him to the chair of Sys-
tematic Theologv in K no\ College, Toronto, which
position he still ahly fills, In 1883, Queen's
.College, King"ton, conferred on him the degree
of 1>.\>. For si"\teen years Dr. "lad aren has been Comener of the Foreign :\Iission
Committee of the Canada Presbyterian Church, and in I 884- \\a
elected to the high
office of :\Ioderator of the (;eneral . \ssembly,
The Rev. J. Philip l>u:\loulin. ,1..\" I>,(',L.. Rector uf St. James C1Ihedral, also
Canon Residentiary and Sub-I }can of St. .-\Iban's Cathedral, Toronto, was born in
I )ublin, of .1Il old Huguenot family, and came to Canada in 1860. The reverend gentle-
man has held successively the rectories of St. Thomas', Hamilton: St. 'Iartin's, :\Iontreal;
and St. James' Cathedral, Toronto, to the latter of which he was appuinted in 1882,
These sevcral charge
he has filled with much acceptance, de\ oting himself \\ ith /eal and
ardour to the service of the flock among whom he has heen called to lahour, and doing
good \\ ork for the
Iaster's cause, In I 8i 3, \\ hen the I>ioce"e of .\Igoma \\01" founded,
I>r. I )u
lou\in had proof of the esteem in which he is held hy the Church at large,
Being then Rector of St. Thomas', Hamil-
ton, he was chosen hy the S) nod of the \\ hole
Church as the first Bishop of .-\Igoma, hut,
ho\\'ner, declined the high office, When in
:->1. '!.utÌlÙ.. :\Iontreal, he acted as L\amining Chaplain to Bishop (henham , and
here, in the roronto I )iocese, he has had honorary preferment in the Church,
hesides fulfilling the dutie-; of his 0\\ n historic charge. Canon I )u
loulin is one
of the first pulpit oraturs. and perhap
the most impre..si\'e as well as instructive of
preachers, in the English Church in Canada, He is splendidly equipped for his
\\urk, for he is not unlya fine literary student and a learned theologian, but pos-
sesses the gifts of manner and voice \\ hich re\ iw the hest traditions of the Old
\\ orld pulpit. Hi
style is picturesque and his manner earnest and often thrilling.
On the platform he is alwa
s an aCl)ui
ition, for he is il1\'ariahly interesting as \\ ell
.," instructi\e, and the caw,e is fortunate that enlists the aid of the reverend
gentleman,
The Re\. I>r. \\ïlliam .I ones. \>ean of Trinity College and Professor of
:\Iathematic" in that in"titution, is a member of a well-known U. E. Loplist family
in Torunto, and seventh son of the late .\Ir. Justice Jonas Jones. He was horn
October 13th, 1838, and \\as educated at l..'pper Canada College, then at Trinity
College. where he was \\'ellington Schular. Proceeding to England. he entered St,
John's College. Cambridge, of which he is a schular: took his B..\, degree in lðÓ2
(heing twentieth wrangler), and his :\1..\. in 1865. In 1862-63, he \\as assistant master in .I edburgh (;rammar School, \' orkshire,
but in the follo\\ ing
ear returned to Canada, and took Huly Orders in 1864-, and was ordained priest four ) ears later hy the
Bishop of Toronto. In 1863. he was appointed Professor of :\Iathenutics in Trinity College, Toronto. .1 pu"t he has held for

THE DE WJ JUX..-l TIO/\...S' AX/) THEIR PA.\'TORS.

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RE\, PROF. \Y. "AcLARE).., D.D.

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I.

RE\ . J. F. LANCELE\.

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RE\. CANe>' Du:\louur-õ. n.c.L.

80

THE DrXO JUXA. TIOXS .1Nn THEIR FAST()RS.

t\\ent\-seven \ear
. In lð75, he wa" made lJean of the College, Professor Jones ren:inxl, in IR8C}, the honor.u) degree of
1>.( '.1.. from Trinit\. and the pre\ iou" } ear. on the termination of a quarter of a century's connection with the College, he
11.1" made the recipient of an illumin.lteci address from the Corporation of Trinit), in reco!:!nition of the \'alue of his long and
de\oted "ervÌres to the College,

The I.lte Rev. .-\I
ernon Bo).;, :\1..\., Clas"ical Professur in ('rinity College,
Turonto, and Publir (>rator in that Universit), was horn at Simla, India, where his
f..'lther held a (;u\'ernment chaplaincy, in 184-7. In 18ó5, after reeei\'ing his school
education at Shrel\ shun', he entered Jesus College, Cambridge, England. obtaining a
foundation scholarship, and graduated in 1869. taking the first place in the .;econd-
class of the Classical Tripos. I nthI.' follol\ ing year, he won secund-class theological
honours and the Otter lJivinit\ priæ. In 1870. he was ordained deacon by the Bishop
of \\ïnchester. and in 1872. priest, by the .\rchbi"hop of Canterbury. I n the latter
) ear. he tuok duty as cur.lte of Faversham, Kent, but resigned it to rome to Canada,
II here he had received the appointment of Professor of Classics and Puhlic Orator in
tIlt' L'niversit} of Trinity College, This position he held until his lamented death in
.\pril, 1890, at the early age of forty-four. He lIas a man of fine culture, liberal
Yiews, kindly heart, and deservedl) pupular \\ ithin and without the Ilalls of Trinity. In
the pulpit, as well as in the professorial chair, his preleetiuns were thoughtful, earnest
and scholarly, His versatilit) was great. Xot only lIas he a ripe and aecumplished
cla.;sical scholar, and a hrilliant puhlic orator in the Latin tongue at "Cniversity Con-
vocation, he was also a ele\er and sprightly writer of English \'erse, his themes moving
tbe reader or the listener at times to laughter
and at times to tears. 1 >e
pite "ome cynicisr

uf "peech and an occasional eccentricity of man-
lIt.'r. nunc knew him but to respect and love
him. Professor JlO\ s' Ius" to Trinity is a" real .IS it II ill be lasting.
The Rev. Herbert S\ muneb. \J.. \.. Professor of lJi\Ìnit\, Trinit\ College Torontu,
\\as horn in the ('ounty of'Suffulk. Engl.lIld, I >eeember 28th:' 1860, ' He wa
educated
at .\Ihert :\lemorial College. Framlingtoll, England, and at Trinit) l." niversity, in this
cit}. He graduated at the j.lller institution in 1885, II ith first-class theological honours,
was priLe e"s,'l} i"t in 1 884- and 1 885, and wrote the pri/e sermon for the latter year.
. \fter graduating, :\1 r. S) monds was appointed Fellow of Trinity and I eclurer in 1 >ivinity.
On the retirement of ProC Roper, to take the incumhencv of St. Thomas', Toronto,
Prof. S) monels \\as appointed his successor in the Professorship of I >i\ inity: he was at
the same time appuinted Librarian of the l." niversitv. hoth of which positions he still
acceptabl} filb, ('he 1'1.'\ erend gentleman is
a favourite of both graduates and under-
graduates at Trinity.
The Re\'. .\rthur I.loyd, :\1..\., Pro-
fessor of Classics, Trinit\ Cullege, Toronto,
lIas born at Simb, India, in 1852. He was
educated partly in (;ermany, hut mainly at Jlrewood (;rammar School. Staffordshire,
England; after which he won an open scholarship to St. John's College. Cambridge.
but migrating to l'eterhouse, was elected scholar in 1872 and Fello\\ and Dean of
Peterhouse in IR78. .\t Peterhouse, he graduated IL\. in 1874-, and took his :\1..-\,
in 1877 (First,Class, Classical Tripos, and þro \'/il/e accessit for Chancellor's medals).
He \\as ordained deacon in 1875 and priest in 1 R76, by the Bishop of Chesrer, and
during these years I\a" curate of St. Barnabas, Liverpoul, and for Ihree years fol-
lUll ing II as curate of (;rcat St. "Iary's, Camhridge. From 1879 to 1884-, Rev, 1\1 r.
Llo)d lIas Rector of
orton, Suffolk, and from r881 to 1884-, 'ïcar of Hunston.
In the latter )ear he went out to Japan as missionary for the S. 1'. (;. Here he
took up educational work at one uf the leading native schools in Tokyo, being for
some time Professor of History and Latin in the l.'ni\ersity department of the
Keiogijiku. He also held \arious other posts under the Jap.me!7e (;overnment, and
founded a native church at Tokyo. In 1890 the reverend gentleman came to Can-
ada, hm ing receiwd the appointment of l'rofessor of Classics at Trinity University.
rhe Re\. John Pearson, Rector of Huly Trinity Church, IS a nati\e of
ottingham, England, and W.IS educated at St.
.\ugustine"s College, Canterhury, Cuming to
ova Scotia, he was for three }ears curate of St. I\l.ugaret"s I:.IY, In 1857, he
was appointed curate of St. John's ('alhedral, St. John's, Kewfoundland. Se\en years I.1kr, :\11'. l'ear"un hecame "ub-dean of

.,

TifF LAn: I'ROF. .\1 (:)';I<I\OJ\' [30\S, .\I.A,

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){U. PROF. .\. LI 0\ IJ, 'I.A.

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R
.\". IIFRHFRI' SY\IO"rJ';, '1..-\.

the cathedr.ll at Fredericton. :\e\\ Bruns\\ick, and there he remained until IX75. \\hen
he remO\ed to Turontu. Here he hecame .l...sistant-ministcr at the Church of the Hoh
Trinit\', then under the charge of the Re\. I>r. :-,cadding and the Re\, \r. :-\. I ).uling.
..uhsequently himself -;ulTeeding to the recwrship. The Church of the Hoh' I'rinit
is
one of the oldest Episcopal churches in the cit\., ha\ing heen built about the )ear .x,Jó
h\ a lady in England, \\ ho anum moush' donated
/":5.000 sterling towards its erection and endo\\-
ment. Formerl) the sef\ ices at Hoh Trinit
were
wont to be highh ornate, and of the e"\treme
. \nglo-( 'atholic t\ pe, C nder the pre-;ent estimable
rector, hO\\e\l'r, a mure moderate ritual preyails.
conson.mt \\ ith the general \ ie\\ s of ('anadian
,\nglicanism, For lIlan
)ears Re\, :\Ir. I'e.usnn
filled the onerous office of Hunorary Secretaf\ of
the Toronto I )iocesan :-\ynod.
The Re\'. ,\rthur Hem) Hakh\in. :\1..\.,
Rector of -\11 Saints, was born on Christmas da\,
11'>.}O, in the first hrick house erected in Turonto.
nU\\ the office of the Canada <. 'ompam, situate on the \:. E, corner of King and Frederick
:-\treets. His f.Hher, :\Ir. John Spread Baldwin. \\as an uncle uf the Hon, Robert B.lldllin.
and, on his mother's side. (;eneral Sha\\ \\as his grandfather. The reYen.'nd gentleman
\\as educated at Cpper C.mada College, and aften\.uds \\un t\\O scholarships at Trinity
Cni\ersit\-. Suhsequently he lIent to (hford, and there entered <,Jueen's College. from
\\hich he graduated in I8ó3, He then too\... Hol) Orders, heing ordained deacon in Yor\...
and priest in Eh Cathedrals, and served t\\U )ears in Luton Heds, \\here a memorial
II indoll in Christ Church testifiö to his mini-;tf\. .-\fter returning to Canada, he acl"t,pted, in 1868. the curacy uf St. Thomas',
Helle\ ille. II here he remained four \ ears, \\ hen he too\... the pastoral charge of ,\11 Sainb:, Turonto, \\ ith \\ hich parish he has
since heen identified, Here he ministers to a full church and a fluurishing congregation. In the election of a Bishop of
Toronto. in IXi8, :\Ir. Bald\\in received the majorit\. of votes from the laity. hut not sufficient from the clerg\', for election.
He is a member of the E"\ecuti\e Committee, and Chairman of the \\ïd O\\s , and Orph.ms' Cummittee, of the Diocese. He
IS also on the E"\ecuti\e of the House of Indu...tn. in this ..it), \\'a-; inslrumental in IllIilding its Casual Poor \\ ard. and has taken
a deep interest in that and other
charities.

"

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RE\, ARTHl'R H. B\LD\\ 1:0., :\I.A.

rhe Rey. Charles Ed\\ard
I'homson, :\1. .\., Rector of St.
\fark's Church, \\ est Toronto J unc,
tion, comes of C, F. LO\alist stoc\...,
He \\as horn at Kingston. :\u\em-
ber 10th, 1832, his father being
:\Ir. Hugh C. Thumson. formerh
:\1.1',1'. for Frontenac, and publisher
of the CPter Ca/lada HOtlld. :\1 r.
I'hom...on's grandfather on the ma-
ternal side \\as \\ïlli.lI11 Ruttan, \\ ho
landed at .\dolphustown in I i8-t-,
after the Reyolutionary \\'ar. The
subject Qf this sketch lias educalcd
b) pri\ate tuition and ahcf\\ards at
the Cpper Canada College anti
Trinit\ L" niYersit
. receiving the de-
c:ree of :\1..\. from the latter in IXS7.
He was ordained a de.lcon in I8só
and the follo\\ ing ) ear \\ as ordained
a priest of the Canadian branch of
the \nglican Church. For twent)
Years, Rey. :\1 r. Thomson \\as rector
at EloTa, Ont.uio, and for the last ten
\ears has been acti\d
eng.lged in
the interesting field of Sf. :\Iark's
/,.lri...h in \\ estern Toronto.

THE DEXOJUX.-lTIOXS AXD THEIR PA5,TORS,

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THE DEXOJIIKATIONS AXD THEIR PASTORS.

rhe Rev. \\ïlli.nl1 R. P.uker, ,\L\., /),/)" who has recently severed his relations \\ith the Broadway Tahernacle in
thb cit\, to accept a charge in H.urie. was horn in ".e-;t Gwillimhury, County Simcoe, in 1831. His father was one of
the sturdy hand of pioneer,., who ha\ e done so much to reclaim the PrO\ ince from the wilderness, The sul,ject of this
sketch was educated at \Ïctoria C niversity, Cu-
bourg, \\here he graduated in 1858. From this
institution he, five years later, received his :\1..-\.
degree, and in 1885 the degree of Doctor of
I>i\ inity, In 1856, Or. Parker was accepted as
a prohationer hy the
Iethodist body, and four
veal's afterwards \\as recei\'ed into full cunnec-
tion and ordained. He has heen stationed
successin:ly at Toronto, .:\Iontreal, Odell town.
Stanstead, Brantford, St. ('atharines, I.ondon.
\\'oodstock, Thorold. Chatham, St. Thomas, and
until lately has had pastoral charge of the
Spadina .henue :\lethodist Church (nuw the
Broadway Tahern.lcle). He has heen chairman
of man) important districts of his Church, and
a member of the General Conferences held in
Toronto, :\Iontreal, Hamilton and Bdlc\'ille.
........J He is a memher of the Hoard of Regents of
\Ïctoria L'niversity, and is in fa\'our of univer-
sity federation. He is a Prohibitionist, and in
politics, a Liberal. I >T. Parker has travelled
\\ idel) , and is a man of large and hroad views, an eminently practical and forceful preacher. and a bold and æalous advocate of
all moral reforms.
The Rev, :\Ianly Benson, Pastor of the Central :\Iethodist Church, Bluur Street, was hum of {J, E. Loyalist parentage,
in Prince Ed\\ard ('ounty, Ont., in 18,1-2, He received his early education at Xewburgh, and thereafter taught himself, and
tool.. duty as a local preacher. In 1867 he was ordained hy the Hamilton Conference and took pastorates successively at
Hamilton, Stratford, St. Thomas, and Brantford. In 1885, he hecame Pastor of the Central .:\Iethodist Church, Toronto, and
has also had charge uf the Berkeley Street :\Iethodist Church. .:\Ir. Benson has travelled largely throughout the I )uminion and
in foreign countries, and has a large repertory of popular lectures illustrative of his tra\.e1s. His ministerial career has been an
active and w,eful one and full of earnest Leal. The re\ erend gentleman is one of the Directors of the (;rimsby Park Company,
and for the past four or five years has had charge uf the religious services in that fa\ourite summer resort. In 1867, :\Ir. Henson
married Julia, daughter of Judge :\IcCrea, of .\Igoma Co" Ontario.
The Rev, Stll,ut S. Bates, H..\., Pastor of the College Street Baptist Church, was born in Im\a, U. S., in 185] and
removed to Canada in 186-1-, Choosing the ministry as a profession, ì\lr. lbtes entered \\'ood-;tock College. and there prepared
himself for matriculation at Torontu Cni-
versity. From this national institution he
graduated in 1878, taking honuurs in Clas-
sics and :\lathen1.ltics. He then pro-
ceeded with his theological course at
"'oodstock, and at ttie Baptist Theological
Seminary, Rochester, t\, Y., from which
he graduated in 1881. His first pastorate
was at (;ohle's, County (hford, \\ithin a
few miles of his old home, and here he
lahoured for five years. I:arly in I X8ó,
.:\Ir. Bates was invited to hecome pa,.,tor
of the College Street Baptist Church, Tu-
ronto, This he accepted, though the
outlook was at the time rather discourag-
ing. Soon, howe\ er, a hrighter day dawned.
The congregation increased until it hecame
necessary to erect a new home, This
was done, on the fine site at the corner of
College Street and Palmerston A \'enue,
and, t\\O years ago, the large and heautiful
edifice \\as opened for publil \\orship. UI1lkr ì\lr. Bates' pastorate the church
denomination ha
on Cullege Street an acti\e and beneficent centre of church work.
:\1<- :\lastel L' ni\l."r...il\, .\Ild he i,., ,t1so an acti\'e \\ orker on the Foreign \1 ission Board.

.

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RE\. \\. R. l'AR....FR. D.D.

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RE\. s. S. UArF
, B,A.

....

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RE\. MAt\LV 13E!'\SON,

.)

"'AN.
ÞofOTO.I'" ..

i{n. J. Em\ Aim S L\IW.

cuntinues tu gruw and thri\'e. and the
:\Ir. Bate,., i,., .1 memher of the Senate of

The Rev. .1, E. St.ur is the present I'a"tor of Elm
treet Methodist Church. H
' is a natiH: of 1\'0\ a Scotia, haying- heen
born at C.lpe Breton in 1
56. He wa" educated at the (;rimsb) (;rammar School. and his first intention \\as to enter the
profc""ion of the I a\\, in \\ hich hranch he for some time prosecuted his "tudies. On attaining hi" majorit\", howe\ er, he entered
the Toronto ('onference a" a :\Iethodi"t minister, heing "tationed at Scarboro'. and
at Peterhorough, I ea\ ing the latter place, he \\as sent to (;race Church, \\ïnni-
peg, as an associate of the bte I>r. S, 1>. Rice, Here :\Ir. Starr remained for t\\O
years, at the end of \-\- hich period he was transferred to \ïctoria, B. C. and in :\Ia) ,
1890. \\as recalled to Ontario and assigned to the well-kno\\ n and influential rhun-h
the pulpit of \\ hich he no\\ ably fills,
The Re\". Canon I ang-tr), :\1..\.. 1>.1>" Rector of St. Luke's, is a Canadian
by birth, though of Irish ntraction. ,\fter receiving his preliminary education, and
ha\ ing a de"ire to enter the ministn. he became a "tudent of Trinity College, ror-
onto, and \\as the fir"t gr.lduate of th.lt institution admitted to Holy Urders. .\fter
hi" ordination he passed some )ears on a tra\elling mission in \\ est Simcoe and
Fa...t (;re\. the mis...iun stations being far apart and the country about almost a
\\ ildernes". :\Ir, Langtn then scttled in a charge at ('ollIngwood. where he remained
ten \ears, \-\hen he remO\ed to \ ork :\Iills. then to St. I'.wl's. Yor"'ille. at the time
under the incumhenC\' of the late Re\. S.lltern (;iyins. Of recent )ears he formed
the ne\\ parish of St. Luke's, of which he is now rector, as \\ell as one of the ahlest
theologians and be"t read men in the Church,
He"ides his pastoral work, I)r. I angtry ha!.
taken an enthusiastic interest in education.
and has been instrumental in founding Bishop
Strachan School for girls, and the Church
School for ho\'s both of which in!>titutions
ha\'e been highl) successful. I>r. J A'lI1gtn' IS a noted contron
rsalist and has been
engaged in man\" encounters in the puhlic press \\ ith those who ha\ e attacked the
Church's doctrine and di"cipline, or who hme taken issue \\ith the learned di\ ine's
interpretation thereof. He i" a warm ad\ocate of Christian L'nion. and has brought the
matter forward in the PrO\ incial S) nod \\ ith abilit\ and earnest force. He is Prolocutor
of the I 0\\ er House of the I'rO\ incial S) nod, and h.ls held this position sinn' I
66.
The Re\". .\. T. Bo\\ser. H.I>., of the Jarvis Street L'nitarian Church, is a nati\e
of :\ ew Bruns\\ ick. hm ing been born at Sac'" ille in 18-t-8. the si"th child of a famil) of
tweh e, His father and mother were respecti\'èl
of English and of Scotch descent.
,\t the age of fifteen he commel1l'ed life in a store
at :\Ioncton, but soon afterwards \\ell[ to Boston,
being ambitious to ohtain a more complete edu-
cation. Here he attended the Latin High
School, and in I 8ï 3 matriculated at Han ard
L'ni\er"ity, .\t Han'ard he took the degree of Bachelor of .\rts, and three years later
that of B.lChelor of I )ivinity. \Ir. Bo\\ser originally belonged to the :\Iethodist Church,
uut while pursuing his studies preparator) to entering Hanard, he became interested in
and finalh' accepted L'nitariani"m. In 1881 he was ordained, and St. Louis. :\10.. \\as
the !'cene of hi" fir"t ministerial Iahours. He then spent two \earS in E\'ans\ille.
Jndiana. as the representati\e of the .\merican L'nitari.lI1 .-\ssociation. In 188-t-. :\Ir.
Bo\\ser \\.lS called to the pastorate of the Third Congregational (L'nitarian) Church of
Hingham, :\Iass.. an important positIon which he held for three years, From Hingham
he was railed to Toronto. where he took charge of the First L'nitarian congreg.uion, and
in this pastorate he still succes"full) labours.
The Re\'. \\ïlliam Patterson is the P.lstor of Cooke's Presb) terian Church in
this cit). He was born in :\Iaghera, Count) !>ern, Ireland, in 1858, and in his twent)-
third )ear emigrated to Canada. He entered I-\:no" College, where he de\oted si"
)ear" to the stud) of ,\rts and theology, recei\ing his diploma in 1886. I>uring his-
College course, he engaged æalously in mission work, two summers finding him in the
rurtle \Iountain I>istrict of :\Ianitoba, and three in the Lindsay Presh) ter), .\ month after he recei\ed his College di[Jloma
'Ir. Patterson was licensed hy the roronto Preshytery, and within a \\eek recei\"ed a unanimous call from Cooke's Church,
Toronto, and in 1886 \\as inducted into that charge. Of the pro!>perityof Cooke's Church, under :\Ir. 1'.lttersOlÙ pastorate,
e\idence is !>een in the fact that in the )ear 1881} the total amount raised hy the congregation \1,1'" mer $ò,ooo - a ,,1II11 ne,uly
four times that ("ol1trihuted \\ hen the re\ erend gentleman fir"t took l h.uge of the church,

THE .DENOJIINATIONS AND THEIR PASTORS.

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\. A. T. BOWSER, 13.0.

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CA" "'01'0 flilO IU.

\{EV. DR, JOHN LAXf:TR\'.

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Rn, \\ \I. PATTtRSON.

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THE DENOll-fINA. TIONS AND THEIR PASTORS

rhe Re\, Elmore Harris, B.A., is a Canadian hy birth and a graduate of the University of Turonto. In the year 18]6, he

ucceeded Dr. Hurd in the pastorate of the First Baptist Church of St. Thomas. Onto Here he remained some si.. years and
durin
that periud he had the satIsfaction of seeing the membership of the church more than trehled and in pussession of a new
.md handsome huilding, :\Ir. Harris then left St. Thomas to take charge of the Y orkville
Baptist Church, Toronto. now knuwn as the Bloor Street Church. Here his period of
ministry e..tended over eight ye.lr
, \\ ithin \\ hich time the congregation increa"ed from
about "eventy tu nearly fi\'e hundred. In the spring of 1889, the Bloor Street pastorate
was resigned and :\Ir. Harris was placed in charge of the \\"almer Road Baptist Church,
the position he occupies to-day. The \\'almer Road Baptist Church i
as) et young, hay
ing heen organi/ed in a comparatively new district as late as (>etoher, 1889; hut great
hopes are entertained of its rapid growth, of which indeed it has already giwn e\'idence.
The Re\. John F, German. :\I.A" of the P,ukdale :\Iethodist Church, was born in
the County of Br.mt, Unt., in 18.p. He is a graduate of \Ïctoria College, h:l\'ing t,Iken
his H..\. degree in 1864, and three years later the degree of :\1..-\. \\ hile pursuing his
College course, Mr. (;erman entered the l11ini
try as a probationer, and in 1866 was
admitted into full connection \\ ith the :\Iethodist body, On being ordained, he \\as
stationed for a time at \'apanee, hut. in 1876, he was transferred to (;race Church, \\ in-
nipeg, and for four years laboured in that charge. \\'hile in \\ innipeg, he \\as elected
Chairman of the I Jistrict, which at that time induded all of :\\.mitoba amI the Indian
missions on, as well as north of, lake \\'in-
nipeg, I Juring his residence in the Prairie
City. he was a member of the School Roard
and for three) e.us an in"pector of the public
schouls. I n 1880, :\Ir. (;erman returned to Ontario. and for a few years was sta-
tioned at Picton, and aftemards al Brampton. \\"hile at Rrampton he was elected
Senetan of the Toronto ('onference, and in 1886 was made President of that
hody. In June of the latter )ear, he \\as called to the charge of the new Parkdale
Church, of which he is at present the respected pastor. In the best sense of
the word, Mr. (;erm,m is a representative minister of his denomination, having heen
called to fill the position of Chairman of the four districts in Ontario Picton.
Brampton, Barrie and \\'hith\', It may he added that :\Ir. (;erman is the son uf
the Rev. Peter (;erman, of Brantford, one of the pioneer ministers of the Metho-
dist Church, \\ ho did
o much e..cellent service for the 'laster's cause in the early
da\'s of the Province,

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){E\'. EL \IORE HARRIS, B..\.

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Rev. .\. :\1. Phillips, B. n., is a Cana-
dian, the son of a Cnited Empire Loplist,
and was born in Prince Edward County, Ont.,
in 1846. He began life as a school-teacher.
subsequently entering \Ïctoria College,
where he graduated in Divinity in 1878, in
which year he was ordained. His ministerial work has been spread over a wide area,
including Somhra, Sarnia, Oil Springs, Chatham. St. Thomas, (;,IIt, St. :\lan's, and ,It
pre"ent Toronto. His actÌ\ ity in various spheres has been marked, He \\ .IS the first
Secretary of the Theulogical Union (now in affiliation \\ ilh the .\merican Institute of
S,lcrell Literature) from which has sprung the Canadiall .IlällOdist Qlltl1/eJ/)', under the
managership of :\lr. Phillips. In temperance \\ork abo 'Ir. Phillip
is \\ell-kno\\n as
I Jominion Past ('ouncillor and as filling other impurt,mt pusts in Temperance urgani/ol-
tiun". ,-\t the (;uelph Conference, :\1r. Phillips was Chairman of the St. \Iar)'s I >istrict ,md

ecretar) of the Conference Buard of Examiners. He is also Cullege E..aminer in Hebrew
and Old Testament E:\egesis. His present pastoral charge is St. Paul's, .\venue Road.
The Rev. I Janiel McTavish, ;\1..-\., I J.Se., P.I'f[ur of the ('entral Pre"b) teri.m
Church, \\as born at Carleton Place, Unt., .\pril 22nd, 1858. He was educated at the
(;.Jlt Collegiate Institute. In 1877, he entered (2ueen's Cni\'ersity, Kingston, from
which he graduated as B..\, in 18ðl, :\1..\. in 1882, and as n.se. in 1885. In lð81. :\Ir.
:\kTm'ish took the theological course in <2ueen'
College and graduated in Divinity in 1884. In the same year he was licensed
to preach, and \\a
called to the pastorate of St. .\ndrew's Church, Lindsay. Four )ears afterwards. on the remO\'al to
Briti"h Columbia of the Re\'. I Jr. :\1.lcleod, :\Ir. :\IcTavish accepted the call of the congregation of the Central Preshyterian
('hurch. Toronto. ,lS hi
successor. Here the reverend gentleman acceptahly fulfils the responsihle duties of the p.Istor.Ite.
L
nc\er hi
ministry the Church continues to grow and, within its "phere, to inne,be its influence.

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REV. JOII", F. GEIDIA"" \1..\,

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CAJiI."ÞofOTO!1iI01U.

REV. \. :\1. FIlII LIPS, B. D.

The Rl.'\', (;eorge H. :-;andwell. I'a;,tor of lion Church. College ,\\enue, wa'i horn in England in 1850. He was educated
at Clifton College, and took a theological cour;,e at the I'a;,tors' College, london, during the years 18io-j3, .\fter completing
hi,., studies for the ministr
, he took charge of congregations at Ipswich, London, and Southsea. ('oming to Canada in IXX9,
he \\as called to the pa..torate of Zion Church,
Torunto, in ('011l1ection \\ ith the ('ongregational
hoùy, and ha.; since lahoured faithfull) and suc-
cessfull\' in this important city ch1rge.
Rc\'. \\. (;. \\'allace, 1'.lstor of Bloor
Street l'resh
terian (, 'hurch, was horn in 18 5 8 ,
at (;.111. l'he re\ erend gentleman is of Scotch
parentage. .\fter heing under the tutelage of the
late I)r. Tassie for ..ome years. hc entered Torontu
l'ni\er;,it\,. \\here he matriculated in ISH
T\\o years later he graduated and de\oted him-
self to the ;,tud) uf theology at Kno"\ ('ollege,
In 1883 \Ir. \\ allace C'Om(Jletcd his di\Ìnit\.
course. and the follO\\ ing year receiveù the
dcgree of 1\,1), from Kno"\ ('ollege, He \\as
ord.lined on \lay 3' st, 1883. at (;eorgetown,
\\ here he assumed his tirst pastoral charge.
In Seplemher, 1888, on the formation of Bloor
:-;treet I'resh) terian Church, Toronto, he \\as
called to take charge of the congregation. and
ha., since that time heen pastor. Here he has a tine field of usefulness, of which
Ir.
Wallace is sure to take advantage.
The Rev. I'rof. D. :\1. \\elton, Ph.D" I). D., of 'k\l.lster l'ni\'crsity, \\as horn at ,\ylesford, KU\a Scotia, in 18 3 1 , and
graduated in ,hts. in 18 55, at ,\cadi.1 College, H.difa"\. X.S. He suhsequently studied theology at
e\\ton, :\Iass., and after
heing ordained was inducted into the pa..torate of the Bapti"t Church, \\'indsor, S. S. In this charge he lahoured for sc\entcen
vears. In 18i4 he W.IS appointed to the chair of I>i\ inity in the theological department of .\cadia College, and here he
remained for se\'en
ears. In ,88, and ISS.:!, he \i;,ited (;ermall\' and de\'oted these )ears to Semitic studies at the lJni\"Crsity
of I eipsic. from \\hich he recei\'ed the degree of Dortur of I'hilo"oph), In 1883 he \\as called to the chair of Oriental
Languages and Old restament Interpretation in the theological department of \Ic:\bster C niwrsitv, a po.,ition he now fills.
Dr. Welton, in 188.'1, received frum his alllla IIlakr. ,\radia College, the honorary degree of Doctor of I>hinit)'.
The Re\'. Cal\'in (;oodspeed, :\L\"
1).1 ).. I'rofessor of .-\pologetics and S) stem,
atic rheologv, in \Ic:\r.lster Cniversit\., was
horn in 1842 at Xash\\aack. X.R., and in
18ó6 graduated in . \rts at the C niver;,it\'
of X ew Brun,,\\ ick. For a time he taught
in the Baptist Seminary. Fredericton. X.B..
and afterwards studied theolog\ at Regent""
Park College, london. I:ng, In 1868 he
\\as ordained. and after de\oting a year to
nIÌs"iunar) work. he accepted the Prinripal-
ship of the Frederirton Seminar) and filled
the po"ition for three ) ears. He then pur-
sued a fuller theological course at Xe\\ton,
:\lass" on the completion of \\ hich he was
called to "'oodstock, Ont., as pastor of the
Baptj;,t Church. In 18iS he accepted the
Professorship of Church History, etc., at the
\\ oodstock Baptist College, resigning Ihis to
.,tudy for a ) ear in (;ermam. after which he
filled the pastorate of the First Baptist Church. Yarmouth. X.S. Four years later.
he conducted for a time the denominational newspaper of the \laritime PrO\ inces.
the .Ifessellger alld V,>itor. and \\ hill.' 5eH ing the Church in journalism \\as called to the chair of Systematic Theology
and ,-\pologetics in :\Ic:\[aster Hall, Toronto, Dr. Guodspeed took the degree of :\1..\. in course from his alma mate,.. and
received an honorar)
1. \. anti the degree uf Doctor of I>i\ init) from. \cadia College, X 0\3 Scutia.
The Re\'. John :\Iutch, :\L\.. Pastor of Chalmers' Presh
terian Church in this cit\', was born at :\Iontrose, Scotland,
Decemher 16th, ;852. Coming at an early age to Canada. he \\as educated at H.unilton Collegiate Institute, from which he

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RE\. D,
rCTA\I';II, 'r. \.. D.Se'.

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Rn. PROF. 1>. 'I. WEI TO:'>'. PII.D., O,D.

rHE /JE.\O JIIN.1TIOXS AND THEIR PASTORS.

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!{E\'. G. II. S"'l>\\FLL.

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RE\, \\. c.;, WALl ALE, :\1.A., B.D.

passeù to Toronto l'ni\ersit\. subsequentl) taking a theolugical course at Knu'\ College. _\fter being ordained. he was called
to the p.1storate of l'hahner-.' Pres b) terian Church, ] Jundas Street, where he ministers /ealously and devotedly to a large
con
rq.::ation in the western section of the city, ] Juring the se\en )ears of his pa
torate. Chalmers' Church has grown from a
very smalllHlssion tu an important and influential congregation, :'olr. :\hltch is desef\cdly
popular in this fold of Presbytcrianism, and is untiring in his relief of the poor, in advancing
tcmperance work, and generally in promoting thc high interests of his calling in this part
uf the [ ord's vineyard. He i
a member of the Equal Rights' .\ssociatiun.
1J0vercourt Road Baptist Church was founded in 1871} as a mission uf .\Ie'\.mder
Street ("hurch of the same denomination. Ser\"ices were held in an unfinished house
on I JO\ ercourt Road until increased numbers compelled removal to Essery Hall, ..urner
of (Jueen and Lisgar Streets, In 1881 the rear of the present church was built on the
lot at the corner of ] )overcourt Road and .\rgyle Street, which had becn prcsented to the
congregation by :\Ir. fhomas Laily. In 1888 the present edifice was built and opened for
public worship. The church is of Romanesque style, built of presscd red brick, with
terra cotta and red stone trimmings. The e'\terior is plain, chaste and well-proportioned.
rhe interior has a light. airy and COS\. appearance and the acoustic propertics are perfect.
The church is seated for 800, but can comfortably hold 1,200. The cost was about
$28.000. Rev, John ,\Ie'\ander. the present pastor. was born of Scotch parents in the
City of Quehec in 1828. He studicd theolog) in K no'\ Cullegc, from \\ hich he graduated
in 1851, and for several ye.lrs filled pulpits in connection with the Presbyterian Church. ] n
1 RÓ2, a change in his \'iews on baptism resulted in
his se\ erance from the l'resb) terian Church. He
accepted a call to thc First Baptist Church of Brantford, and in 1863 remon:d to
\Iontreal to take charge of the First Baptist Church of that city, He returned to
Brantford in 1870 and remO\ed to Brock\"ille in 1880 to work up a church which was
in financial distress. In 188-1- this congregation was so strengthencd that he devoted him-
self to building up I Jo\"ercourt Church. I Juring his six years' ministration there the
membership has grown from 50 to 275. various branches of work have been developed,
and the church placed on a sound footing.
The Rev. .\Ie"andcr Sutherland. I J.] J.. an able divine of the :'olethodist body, and
the puwerfulleader uf what is known as the "Third Party" in Canadian politics, seeking
mural rcnovatiun in all matters of national adminis-

ration, \\a" born of Scutt ish parentage in thc Town-
ship of C;uelph, Ontario, Scpt. 13th, IR33' Like
most successful and self-made men, I)r. Suther-
land's early years were years of toil and ad\ ersity.
through which he struggled nobly to educate him-
self for the ministry and the high positions in the
Church to which he has since attained. .\fter a
brief cour
e in \'ictoria College, Cobourg, he was
received into full connection with the Conference of his Church and ordained. He thcn
filled pa
toral charges succcssively in Xiagara. Thorold. I Jrummondville, Hamilton, Tor-
onto and Muntreal: and in 187-1- was elected (;eneral Secretary and Clcrieal Treasurer of
the :\Iis"iun.lry Suciety of the Church. In this respunsible position he has travelled O\er
the whole I Jominion, superintending missionary work and stimulating the /eal of his
denomination, and at the same time doing mud1 for the cause of temperance and other
moral reforms. He has been a mighty worker fur union in the Conferences of his Church,
in which he has held the highest positions, and repeatedly been its delcgated representative
abroad. He is a man of immense energy and unflagging Lcal, and done much to mould
the thought and guide the work of his Church. In 1879, \'ictoria Cnivcrsity conferred
upon I Jr. Sutherland the degree of Doctor in I Jivinity.
The Re\'. Ira Smith. Pastor of Beverley Street Baptist Church, was born in the Township of Saltfleet, (Jnt., June 7 th , 18-1-9.
:\Ir. Smith comes of sturdy British stock. and inherits from both father and mother the memories of the \\'ar of 1812, and from
their furehears the memories of the Re\olutionary \\'ar and of loyal st'f\'ice on the side of the Crown, \Ir, Ira Smith \\as
educated at \\-ood
t{)ck Cullege, and at Toronto Cnivcrsity. of which he is an undergraduate. I.ike his father, the Rev. Thos.
Holland Smith, he studied for the ministry of the Baptist denomination, and in 1877 was ordained and inducted into the pastorate
of the Baptist Church in I Jundas. In 1880 he accepted a pasturate in Barrie, and two years later one in Waterford : and in 188 5
came to Toronto to take the pastoral oyersight of his present charge. H is labours here have been ilhtrumental in building up a
large and still growing congregation, which erected, three years ago, a very commodious house of worship. :'oIr. Smith has held
the Secretaryship of the Home :\lission Board of the Baptist Com ention of Ontario and Quebec "inec [888.

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RE\. JOliN :\Iu \'ell, \1..-\,

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REV. IRA S'II \'11.

THE IJEXù.JfIXA nONS AXD THEIR P.1STORS.

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RE\". ALEX. SUTHERLAr\l1, D.D,

TilE DE \'0 Iff\'.-lTIOX.\' ,IXD THEIR PASTORS.

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rhe Re\, \Ibert Hem) :\e\\n1.1n. D.D.. LL.D.. Professor of History in the .\rts department of \1c'la
ter Cni\ersity,
\\as burn in Edgefidd Count\, South Carolina, in 1852. HL graduated from :\Ierrer Cni\er
ity, :\Iacon, (;eorgia, in 1871 .
and also from the Rochestcr (:\ .Y.) Theologic.ll Seminary in 1875 ; and
tudied Hebre\\. Chaldee. Suiac, .\rabic and Patristir
(;reek in the Southern H.lpti"t Theological Seminar), in 18i5'76, For nearly fuur year"
(18ïï-81) Dr.
e\\man was Professor of Chun-h History, in the Rorhester Theological
Seminary, and then removed to Toronto to arcept a similar rhair in the Baptist College
here, Last year (1889), when the .\rts department of :\lc:\laster Cni\'er!>ity was reorgan-
iæd, I>r. Ke\\ man became Professor of History, which position the learned gentleman
,till holds, Professor Xewman has led a life of literar) toil and industry; he has translated
and edited a number of theological works and been a contributor to the Baptist Quarterly
Re'i'ie'il'. the E:wl1Iil/er, and the ,lfa.!;a
ille of CIlrÙtiall Literature, :\ew York; to Cathcart's
B.lpti,t Encw:lopædia, Philadelphia; and tu Jenkins' Baptist Doctrines, St. Louis. Pro-
fessor :\ewman is the translator (from the (;erman) and editor of Immer's " Hermenentics
of the :\ew Testament" (,\ndowr. 18n). and translator and editor of the" ,\nti-:\Iani-
chæan Treatises," of St. .\ugu
tin, for the Xicc and Post-:\icene Fathers, under the general
editorship of Pr. P. Schaff.
Rev. I
eorge :\1. :\lillig.lIl. B..\., P.lstor of Old St. ,-\mlre\\"s Presb) terian Church,
\\as born at Wick, Caithness"hire. Scotland. in 18-t I, and came \\ ith his parents at an earl)
age to Canada, \\ here the) made their home at
Kingston, Ontariu, I ntending to de\ ote himself
to the \\ ork of the ministr), he entered Queen's
Cni\ersin and at once took a high place in the I '
,E\. PROF. .-\. II. XF.\\ \1'\"1. D.D. LL.D.
('ollege class-list. In IXfi2, he took his B..-\.
degree, graduating \\ith honours, Si'\ )ears aftemards he was ordained, and laboured
for a year in the County of 'Iiddlesex, Here he recei\'ed a call to I )ctroit, and in a
pastoral charge in that city he remained for nearly seven years, meeting \\ ith a large
measure of success. In 1876, 'Ir. :\Iilligan was ill\ ited by the congregation known as
Old St. .-\ndre\\ 's, Toronto, to fill the pulpit of this historic church, and, accepting the
call, he \\as at once inducted to the charge. The success of his work soon appeared
in the erection, in 1878, of the fine building at the corner of Jarvis and Carlton Streets,
and in the gratif)ing e"\tension of the church's membership. During the past tweh'e
)ears, the church has continued to grow and has become a sphere of influential and
useful \\ork, It ha" now a membership of O\er five hundred. \\ith a large annual
rewnue, Cntiring a
\\ell as able. :\Tr. :\Iilligan is a force in Presb) terianism, and is
to be found "ening every good and useful cause. He is President of the :\Iini"terial
.\ssociation of the cit), and has taken an
active interest in educational and temper,
ance work, as well as much labour on the
E"\ecutive of the Foreign "\Iission Board of hIs Church. .\gainst the incorporation
of the Jesuits and their endowment by the State, he entered a vigourous protest,
and la,t year took a prominent part in platform discussion of the subject, For
some years he was one of the e"\aminers in the I >cpartmental Intermediate E\ami-
nations at the Education Office: has been a lecturer on Church History at <.2 u een's
College, Kingston; and is a member of the Senate and an e"\aminer in hnox Col-
lege. 'I r. 'I illigan has tra\ elled widely and read much, and is a graphic and
instructive lecturer, He has been a con"iderable contributor to the religious and
secular press.
The Rcv. John :\1. Cameron, Pastor of the ne\\ East Presb) terian Church,
\\as born in Strathmore, Perthshire, Scotland. He received his earl) education in
his nati\e country. where for a \\hile he served in the Royal Engineers and \\as
engaged in Ordnance Sun'ev \\ ork. He came to Canada in I 85-t, and after taking
a fir!>t-class certificate at the Xormal School, Toronto. he taught ,chool for
e\eral
) ears. He then took an .-\rts course at Toronto C ni, ersit\, anù studied for the
ministry, first at the C nited Presb) terian lJi\ init\ Hall, under the late Rev. Dr.
John Tador, and subsef]uentl) at Kno"\ College, For a time :\Ir. Cameron recei\'ed
tempting offers to enter mercantile life, and, on one occasion, after taking acti,'c
\\ork on the public platform in the ad\ ocacy of temperance, he was offered the nomination to a seat in Parliament. These induce-
ments, though they might naturally have led him to \\aiver in the choice of a calling, \\ere rejected. and :\lr. Cameron proc
eded \\ ith
his mission work at East Toronto. The missiun in time grew into a church, and in the meantime :\Ir. Cameron was lIcensed to
preach by the Presbyter) of Toronto. In I8il, he recei\'ed a call from the congregation of his present charge. and, accepting

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RE\. G. :\1. :\ItLLIGAN, B.A.

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RE\". J. :\1. CA\IERO"l.

TIfE DE \'O.lUX.l TIOXS .,LVD THEIR F.-lSTORS.

it, was inducted Xo\. :!3rd of the samè ) ear. Soon, increa
ed aCl"<Jlnmod.ltion was needed, and in the spring of I X89 the
pre'ient commodiou" church \\as erected. l'nder his pastoral care, the "UlTCSS of the East Preshyterian Church has heen
remarJ..ahle, and Presh) terianism in the cin has no more /ealous and devoted \\orker than :\Ir. Cameron. Thc reverend gentle-
man filled for si"\teen years the position of Secretary to the t:pper Canada Bihle
Society, and h.lS also heen :\Iission Senetar) of the Preshyterian Church,
.\mong the figures of well-known clergymen of the city, onre f.imiliar to the
citi/ens, was that of the Re\'. I >r. .I ohn Jennings, for many years pasror of the Bay
Street Cnited Preshyterian ('hurch, This e"\cellent minister has long since gone to
his rest, though his memor} sun i\"es to-da) in many hreasts, and his faithful work
in the ministr) has, we are sure, home no small fruit. rhe Bay Street C. 1'. Church,
which was erected in 1 X.j.8, has, in the march of improvements, also passed from
the scene, and its congregation has hecume merged in other gathermgs of the I'res-
h) terian <. 'hurch. \\'e arc glad to presen'e in these pages the likeness of an old and
worth) pioneer in the <. 'hristian ministry in this city, who in his day was faithful to
his "aned calling, and also took a warm interest in the cause of education. 1'\\0
of his sons \\urthily repre"ent hi" n.une in Turonto.
The Rev, I>onald C, Sutherland, 1>,1>., I. L. B.. late Pastor of the Elm
Street 'lethodi"t ('hureh, is a native of Toronto, having heen horn in the ('it) in
1839. He is the son of Captain James Sutherland, a well-knO\\ n owner of steam-
hoats on I ake Ontario, who was killed in the I >esj.udins Canal accident in 1857. The
suhject of this sketch was educated at Hamilton Collegiate Institute and at \Ïctoria
Univer'iity, where he took in course the
degrees of n..\" :\1..\. and n.1 >. For a
time ì\1r. Sutherland inclined to the pur-
suit of Ia\\ as a profession, and with that
view he studied in the office of Judge (YReill), Hamilton, took the law course at
Turonto University. and ohtained the degrce of LL. B. He afterwards, however,
took a theulogical course, entcred the ì\lethodist Church as a prohationer. and in
1 RóX \\as orrlained a minister hy the I.ite Re\. I)r. :\Iorley I'unshon, H is chief
appointments ha\t: heen in King'iton, (;alt, Simroe, St. Thomas, I.ondon, and Tor-
onto. He has held positions in the Church as Chairman of I )istrict, Secretary of
Conference, Conference and Cni\'ersity E"\aminer; and from \"icturia Cniversity has
had the degree conferred uJlon him of I )octor of I >ivinity. The reverend gentleman
has also heen a memher of three Conferences. I)r. Sutherland has travelled con-
siderahly in Eastern countries, and has puhlished in the denominational magaLine
interesting accuunts of these excursions. The accounts are graphic and entertaining,
The Ceneral Secretary of the I )omestic and Foreign :\Iissionary Society of
the Church of England in Canada, the Re\, C. H. :\Iockridge, 1>.1>" .\ssistant
:\Iinister in the Church of the Holy Trinity, \\ ho is also editor of the ClI1iadÙl1l
Church AIissÙmary JIaga:;Ùze, is a resident of Torontu, "0 that in a sense Toronto
is now the headquarters of that Society. It \\'as formed in 1883 h\' the Provincial
Synud a"semhled in :\Iontreal, and ha" for its Bu.ud uf :\Ianagement the Bishops
of Ontario, ()uehec anrl the 1.0\\ er Provinces, together with two derg\Jnen and t\HI laymen from each I>iocese of the Eccle-
sia'itical I'ro\ ince of ('anada, \\ ith the (;eneral Secretary and (;encral Treasurer, who are memhers ex l1fiâo.
The Church of St, Stephen, the Proto,l\Iartn, on the rorner of <. 'ollege Street and Ikllevue \\ elUle, is one of the inler-
esting old landmarks of the cit), where for many) ear'i it stuod alone in fields that are now entirely huilt on and densely peopled.
It \\as erected in 1857, hy a memher oCthe well-kno\\n l>eni'ion family, and has heen considered one of the prettiest specimen'i
we ha\e in the city of Earl) Engli'ih architecture, rhe church is now heing enlarged to meet the inneasing "ants of the parish.
Its réctor is the Rcv, .\. J. Rroughall, :\1..\., who has for over a quarter of a century fait!-jfully ministered to the congregation
and been a true and loval senant of the Church in this section of the Lord's \ineyard. :\Ir, Hroughall is E\amining Chaplain
to the I.ord Bishop of the I )wcese and an acti\ e memher of the E"\el"uti\'e Committee of the I >iuce"an Synod.

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THE L -l Ir COCRTS .L\D THE LEe IL /'ROJ.ESSIOk

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THE 1,\\\' ('OCRT:, .-\XD THr. I E(;,\L PROFE

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THF Fmsr \r'\lI'\brR\Tlo'\ OFTH
1.\\\ IX CPPFR C\'\\II\. E\RLY LF\;(SL-\TOR>> \:\D I'H
IREx..\l'T\IF'\"TS. -EST,\IILISHIXl;
OF TH
COl"RT,.,. THF l'lRsr CHIFF Jl"STlt"E -\:\1> Pns'\É Jl'D(;F
. FOl"'\L>I'\', OF rHI" L\\\ SOCIFr\. -OS\;OOOE H \LL
\'\1> rHF COl'J{TS. I \\\ j)J{\\\'S I'\"TO II' fHF HR\IX OF THE ('Ol''\"TR\. HII:H CH\R-\crER \:\1> IXDFPF'\"DE:\CE OF
rHF ]nIlCl\R\. ROIL OF THF CHIFF Jl'STlCES \'\"II CH \ '\"C ELI ORS.- I'HE IhR \'\11 Irs E\I1:\Fxr RFPRFSEXT-\TI\FS.

T HE nation-builders of the Prmince, at the Ia}ing of its foundation. made proyision for the administration of Ia\\, and,
f
l1o\\ ing British tr.ldition. en.lcted that in a
1 matters of controversy rdat,i\:e to property and ,ci\ il rights II
"Cpper
( anada resort should he had to the Law,., of England as the rule for the deCIsIOn of the same. I hese early legislators,
imhued \\ ith the spirit of the British COIhtitution, \\ hich the} desired as freemen to follo\\ as a model. then passed an
\ct to establish trial by jury: and 111 the second session uf the First Parli.unent of Cpper Canada (hdd at Kewark [Xiagara] in
the summer of I ï93). they aholished sla\ery in the 1'rO\ ince, Other measures of the time made prO\'ision for the erection of
court,house,.,. j.lils, and such other public building,.,. with the necessary legal machinery. as were required in the \arious districts
into \\ hich the PrO\ ince \\as then di\ ided. Prior to the constiluling of the PrO\ ince, the goyernment of an} settlements there
\\ere in the \\ est partook of the militar} character \\ hich I\as introduced at the Conquest. If offence,., were committed, the
military conunand,mt \\ent through regular forms of la\\, and tried, and sometimes himself e"\el'uted. tho,.,e \\hom he deemed
de,.,en ing of the death þenalty, The law proceedings \\ere usually summary. and not infrequenth" irregular, the officer, as it
more than once happened, heing judge, gaoler, sheriff and e"\ecmioner. , \t the founding of the Pro\"ince, there seems to have
been a Court in e"\istence, designated the Court of Common Pleas, being part, no doubt, of the legal machinery of Lower
Canada, This Court, ho\\en:r, was abolished in Iï9-t, and was not re-estahlished in Cpper Canada until 18-t9. \\ hat took its
place was the Court, of King's Bench. \\hich \\as created hyan o\ct of the PrO\incial h,.,emhly (3.J (;eo. IlL, ch. 2); and to
preside o\"er the Court a Chief] ustice and t\\ 0 Puisné judges \\ ere appointed. H} the same. \rt a ('ourt of .\ppeal was estab-
lished. The first Chief Justice of l pper ('anada wa,., the Hon. \\ m. ()"'goode, after \\ hom ()sgoode Hall is named, and his
appointment datö from 119:!, though he seenb to ha\'e sened in the newly-constituted Pro\ ince for only a little O\"er a }ear.
I'he first Puisné judges \\ere the Hon, \\"m, j)ummer Po\\ell and the Hon. John Elmsley. both of \\hom were appointed in
179-t. the latter succeeding to the Chief Justiceship two years bter. Judge Powell did not reach the Chief Justiceship until
1816. rhe Hon. John \\hite, the fir,.,t ,\ttorne}-(;ener,ll of Cpper Canada, \\ho, by the wa}, \\as killed in a dud, was
appointed when the Puisné judges recei\"ed their parents from rhe ('rO\\ n, The I aw Societ} \\as firsr established 111 1797 hy
the ,-\ct 37 Ceo, II 1.. ch, 13. \\ hich enahled the then legal practitioners in the PrO\"ince to form themselws into a socid} and
make rules for ih gO\'ernment. In IS:!:!, this ,\ct \\as in part repealed and amended hy 2 (;eo. 1\'., ch, 5. by which it was
enacted that "the treasurer and henchers of the 1..1\\ Societ}, for the time heing. and their successors. are declared to be a hody
corporate and politic hy the name of the I an
ol'iety of Cl'per Canada: Cnder the hy-laws and regulations of the Society.
its aff.1irs are gO\ erned by a Hoard of Bench-
ers. of which there arc at present thirty elective
memhers (e"\dusi\ e of ex ".fficio memhers).
consisting for the most part of gentlemen of
high legal attainments and long standing in
the profes
ion, The Benchers sit in Con-
vocation every term for the call of barri
ters.
the admis,.,ion of attornc\'" and solicitors to
practice. and of students to enter the Society,
the fees paid by whom form part of its re\ enue.
When, In' the , \ct of 182:!. the I a\\

ociet} \\as formall\ incorporated, a site \\as
sought in the cit
for the Canadian ., Inns of
('ourt," In 18:!8 the present site of (),.,goode
Hall was purchased from :-;ir John Be\erley
Robinson, and the
OCid\' prOl:eeded to the
cr.::ction and occupancy of its nen quarters.
,\s )et (1832), ho\\e\er, on I} the east \\ing
\\a
completed, and not till I S-t5 was the
\\est \\ing erected, ha\ing a connecting hall
or corridor hetween rhe tn o. \\ ith a I.\r
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.C., SIIERHOUI< '\E S I I<FE r.

90

THE LA W COCRTS AXD THE 1 EGAL FROFESS/Ol\'.

surmounting dome. Some twelve ) ears later, the central structure was remodelled, and in the course of a few years the whole
was completed, \\ ith a handsome facade of cut stone Of recent years, considerable additions have been made to the buildings,
including a fine Com ocation Hall and a series of new Court rooms. Within and without, Osgoode Hall is now, architecturally,
an ornament to the city. Here law has its chief home, and justice is doled out to the suitor in the various High Courts of the
PrO\ince. These now consist of the Supreme Court of Judicature, coml-'used of the Chief Justice of Ontario and three Justices
of .\ppeal. and the High Court of Justice, of which there are three branches or diÙ"ions, having concurrent jurisdiction. The
latter are knO\\ n as the (2ueelÙ Bench and Common Pleas l>i\-isions, each presided over by.) Chief Justice and two judges,
and the Chancery I >i\-ision, presided over by a Chancellor amI three judges.
It may be said of law. not only in the Province but in the I >ominion as a whole, that it has drawn into thc profession
more of the brain .lI1d energies of the country than have gone into any other pursuit or calling. From this source, mainly, ha\'e
the Parliaments and I.egislature" of the
country dra\\ n to a preponderating e:<..tent.
This is partly accounted for b) the nel:es'
sity for lawyers for npounding the Con-
stitution, for drafting Bills, and for gi\'ing
form and shape to the national and pro-
vincial legislation, Another reason may
be found in the fact that the profession
are generally good and ready speakers.
AbO\e all, they are usually practical men,
not theorizers, and know how to econo
miLe time and e:<..peditc business. Com-
monly, also, their reputation is high and
their personal character unblemished.
This is most truly maintained when one
speaks of the leading men who practice at
the Bar, and of those, especially, who sit
on the Bench. The high character and
independence of the judiciary of Canada
i,; the proud boast of the people, ] >oubt-
Jess, no little of this is due to the fact
that the judges are not dependent on the
appointing power, nor is their retention in
office subject to the will of the people.
They hold their positions during good
beha"iour, and can be removed only by
petition of both Houses of Parliament.
Their tenure of office is thus assured, and
in thi,; respect the principle is allied to
that in England, but unlike that in \'ogue
in many of the neighbouring States. :'olost
of them, in their day, ha\-e fought in the
pohtlcal arena, but of no one has it been
said that he has carried Party with him to
the Bench. . \Imost without exception
ha\e they been honourable men, and ha\-e
been specially distinguished for their judi-
cial and di,;passionate character, High,
IJ.lrticularly, has been the reputation, alike
for honour and ability, of the Chief J ustÌl.:es
and Chancellors of the L'pper Canada and
()ntario Bench. Their names shed lustre
on a noble profession. Here is the roll
of. the later ones, who. have been personally known to many of the citi/ens of to-day:- Robinson, :\laeaulay, :\IcLean,

lChards, l>r.)pe
, Harnson, Moss, Cameron, and Hagarty, Chief Justices,' Hume Blake, Spragge, Vankoughnet, and Boyd,
Cha1lcellors. HIgh, also, has been the repute and the juridical status of their brethren on the Bench who have not attained
to the chief prizes of the judiciary. There is hardly a name in the roll of the PrO\incial Heneh that will fail to be remembered
n
t only in the legal records, but in the general annals, of the country. The Bar, also, has knO\\ n many eminent men, whose
gifts would do honour to the I aw in the :\Iotherland or indeed to the highest professional circles of any country. These pages
preserve the record of a few of them.

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OS(;OOVE HALL-ENV \'IE" OF LIURARY.

THE LA Jr COCR 1'S AND THE / EG'-!I I'ROrE.S5IO.V

()I those le.lrned in the law in Canada there is perhaps no higher name, or one more worthil) held in respect by Bench
and Rtf alike, th.m that of :\Ir. Christopher Robinson, (.!,c. :\Ir. Robinson admittedl) stands at the head of his profession in
Ontario, if, indeed, we ma
not say at the head of his profession in the I >ominion, He inherits a n.une ren:red in the legal
and administr.ltive annals of the Pnn ince, and he possesses those rare personal and professi0l1.l1 qualities which ha\"e made
th.lt and his 0\\ n name re\ ered. Born in Toronto in 1828, :\1 r. Robinson W.IS erluc.lted
at Upper Canad.l College, and later on graduated at King"s College (now Toronto
l'ni\"ersit\), .\fter graduating, he took up the study of law, and soon mastering its
principles \\as in 1850 called to the Bar, thereafter proceeding to practice. His present
legal firm is that of :\lessrs. Robinson, ()"Brien & Cibson, In 18ó3,
Ir. Robinson
\\as appointed Queen's Counsel by the (;o\"ernment of the old PrO\ ince of Canada,
thus early in his carcer winning preferment in the profession which his talents and
high personal character adorn. For a number of )ears,
Ir. Robinson acted as chief
reporter of the del'isions of the courts for the 1.,1\\ Society, and has been an almost
life-long Bencher of our \.u1J.dian Inns of Court. Of late ) ears he has de\"oted himself
ahnost e\clusi,"ely to cOllllsel \\ork, taking a leading position at the Bar, and been.
entrusted \\ ith the conduct of many of the most important cases which ha'"e come
before the Canadian courts, and \\ ith not a few that ha, e been carried to the English
Pri\ y Council. He has rcpeatedly held weighty briefs for the Dominion (;overnment,
among which was that for the Cron n prosecution of Riel and the Saskatl'he\\an half-
breeds, in the Rebellion of 1885, and that for the Department of Rail\\ays, in the
arbitration proceedings now pending between
the (;o\'ernment and the C. 1'. R., in the
matter of the Dritish Columbia section of
that transcontinent.ll high\\ay.
:\Ir. Britton Bath Osler, (.!.e, one of
the most eminent men at the Ontario Bar.
was born at Tecumseh, County of Simcoe,
June 19th, 1839. He was educated at the
B.lrrie (;rammar School and at Toronto l'ni\"ersity, of \\hich he is an 1.1..1:, l\laking
choice of law as a calling, he passed his preliminary studies for that arduous profession
and was dul) called to the Ru. For a number of ) e.lrs :\1 r (bier practised at I >undas,
Ont., and from 187ó to IXRI \\as County Crown .\ttorne) for \\'ent\\orth. Of recent
years he has made Toronto his home, and is at prescnt one of the chief partners
in the legal firm of :\Iessrs. :\IcCarthy, Osler, Hoskin &. Credman. l\1r. Osler is a
Bencher of the I aw Society and a Queen's Counsel. In his profession the learned
gentleman is one of the ablest and best
known of counsel and has conducted many
important cases for the Cru\\ n. He took
part with
Ir. Christopher Robinson, (2,('.,
in the :\orth-\\'cst prosccutions in d:>85, in
connection with the second Riel Rebellion,
and has just added to his I.lllrcls by con-
ducting with gre.lt ability the Cnm n's case at Woodstock ill re the Qucen v. Birl'hall.
:\Ir. I 'hades \Iuss, (J.t '., brother of the lamented Chief Justil'e l\loss, and him-
self one of the ablest and best kno\\ n men at the PrO\ incial Bar, was born at Cobourg,
Ont., :\Iarch 8th, 18-1-0. \\"hile quite a youth he remo'"ed \\ ith his father to Toronto,
and here recei\'ed his preliminary education, resoh"ing, like his eminent brother, to
t.lke to Ia\\ as a profession, :\Ir. :\Ioss articled himself 10 his brother's firm and
entered the I .aw
ociety. I >uring his student career, he \\on a scholarship, and gave
promise of tht: talents \\hich ha\'e since raised him to his high position in the pro-
fession. He was called to the B.u in 18ó9' Cpon his admission to practice, he joined
the legal firm of :\Iessrs, Osler &. :\Ioss, of \\ hich the present :\Ir. Justice Osler was
the senior member. This finn \\as subsequently strengthened by the admission of
\Ir. R, .\. (afterwards Chief .I ustice) Harrison; upon the ele,"ation to the Hench of
:\Iessrs. Harrison and Thomas :\Ioss, the firm was joined for a time by the late James
Bethune, Q,(". I ater still,
Ir. Usler retired to accept a Judgeship, when the firm
hecame Bethune,
Ioss, Falconbridge & Hoyles. l'pon :\Ir. Bethune's retirt:ment, :\Ir. Charles Moss hecame head of the
firms known as },Ioss, Falconbridge & Barwick and :\Ioss, Hoyles & .\ylesworth,
Iore recently, the firm has had in some
degree to he reorganiled, in consequencc of its ha\ing gin:n another memLer (!\Ir. Justice Falconhridge) to the Bench. !\Ir.

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H2

THE I A W CO
'RTS AND THE .I EGAL PRUFESSION.

:\[oss \\as for soml: time lecturer and e"\aminer of the I a\\ Society, and in 1880 was elected a fkncher, and in 188-1- was chosen
a representative of the La\\ Society on the Senate of Turonto "Cni\ersity. In 1881, the Dominion (;o\"ernment created ì\lr.
\Ioss a (J.e. In religion he is an Epi"copalian: in pulitics a Libl:raI. \Ir. :\[u"s, however, esche\\s political life, for on the
elevation of Chief .I ustice Cameron to the
Bench, :\Ir. :\Ioss was offered hut declined
the nomination for East Toronto in the Local
I.egislature. I )uring his professional career,
:\Ir. Moss has been engaged in many im-
portant suits bdore the Canadian and English
Courts. Amongst other cases, he has been
interested as counsel in the contested Escheat
case of .-\ttorney-General Z'. :\Iercer; in the
notorious Streams' case, :\lcI aren v. Cald-
well: and in the ve"\ed St. James' Rectory
case, Langtry Z'. I>u:\loulin. In 1871, :\Ir.
\Iuss marril:d Emily, second daughter of the
late :\Ir. Justice Sulli\'an.

Ir. John' Hoskin, <L.C., 1.1.. D., ot
the firm of :\Iessrs.
IcCarthy, Osler, Hoskin
I:\: Creelman, was born in I )evonshire, Eng-
land, in 1836. He studied in Canada for the
profession in which he has risen to eminence
under the late
rr. Robert Armour, of Bow,
mal1\"ille, and the present :\Ir. Justice Strong
and :\Ir, .I ustice Burton. He was called to
the Bar of Upper Canada in 1863, and created
a Queen's Counsel ten years later. In 187-1-,
he was appointed by the ('ourt of Chancery,
(;uardian ad litem of Infants, and subse-
quently made Official (;uardian by statute.
This important trust he fulfils with ability and
rare discretiun. He has been a Bencher of the Law Society of l;pper Canada for fifteen years, and enjoys in a large measure
thl: confidl:nre of the community and the esteem of the members of his profession. In 1890, he was elected Presidl:nt of the
County of York La\\ .\ssociation; is President of the Kational Il1\'estment Company; \'ice-President of the Toronto (;eneral
Trusts ('ompany, and a Director of the Canadian Bank of Commerce. He i" one of the Trustec" of thl: Uni\ersity of Torontu,
and in 188 9 had the honorary degree of LL.I>. conferred upon him IIY that natiunal institution. In d\66 he married the
eldest daughter of the late :\Ir. ""alter :\IcKeluie, of Castle Frank, near by which, in the picturesque rl:gion of Rosedale, he has
hi" beautiful home, "The Dale." For beaut) of situation, nu less than for its fine S} h"an setting and the rare attractions of its
conseT\atories, "The I >ale " is well-nigh unsurpassed among Toronto humes,
:\Ir. \\ïlliam Lount, (.!,c., of the law firm of :\Iessrs. Lount I:\: :\farsh, was Lorn at
e\\market, Yurk County, Ontario,
un the 3rd of :\Iarch, 1840. He was
c(Iucated at the Barrie Grammar School,
and then de\ oted himself to the pursuit of
law. He was called to the Bar in 1861,
and shortly after began to practice his
profl:ssion in Barrie, removing later on to
Toronto, where hI: and his firm have for
many years heen engaged in a large and
important practice. .\1r. I.ount wa"
returned in 1867 Reform member for the
Kurth Riding uf Simcue, in the Ontariu
I.egislature, Engrossed with his profes_
:-.iun, .\Ir. LOutH, ho\\ever, did not pursue
political life. In 1876, he was neated
(.!.c. by the Provincial GO\ernment, and
five years later recei\'ed the like honour
from the I )ominion (;overnment. He has
acted as ('rown Counsel for the Ontario
(;ovcrnment on se\'eral important cases,
I n religion, :\1 r. Lount i" an Episropal, i.1I1

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THE LIlT' COCRTS AND THE LE(;AL PROFESSION.

The dcn
r defence of Reginald Birchall \\ hen on trial for murdering Frederick C. lkl1\\ ell has made the name of
Ir.
C;eorge Tate B1aek"wck. Q.C., known in t\\O hemi
pheres. Ineffectual ,IS was the effort made to e'tricatè the criminal from the
hopeless entanglement of evidence \\ ith \\ hich he was surrounded by the Cro\\ n, the address of the counsel for the defence was
of such import.mce that it \\.IS cabled across the .\tlantic and published verbatim in the I andon Times.
Ir. Blackstock comes
from the County of I )urham, where he
was born .\pril 7th, 1856, Like many
other prominent <. 'anadians. he i
an
C pper Canada College boy. Immediatelv
upon commencing the practice of la\\ he
took a leading place. His special qualifi-
cation" as a public speaker caused man)
of his friends to urge him to seek the field
of politics,
r r. Blackstock, heing a strong
Consenati\'e, determined to attack the lion
in his lair and made his first political cam-
paign in \\"est I )urham, where he was
defeated h) the Hon. Edward Blake, .\t
the follo\\ ing election he made a good run
in I.ennox in the Consenative interest,
hut was also unsuccessful.
I r. Blackstock
in 1889 was made a Vueen's Counsell"
the I )ominion GU\ernment, The learned
gentleman is .m adherent of the \Iethodi"t
<. 'hurch.

Ir. James Kirkpatrick Kerr, Q.c..
of the firm of
Iessrs. Kerr,
Iacdonakl,
I)a\idson & Paterson, and well-known for his acti\e and enthusiastic interest in Freemasonn', \\as born near (;uelph, in the
I'ownship of Puslinch, in 18,p. His father, a ci\ il engineer by profession, came to Canada from Ireland in 1832, and wa
for
man) year... Chamherlain of the City of Hamilton. The subject of this sketch recei\'ed his early education at Hamilton, and
later on at (;alt. under the able educationist, the late Dr. I'assie. He aften\ards studied law, and in 1862 was called to the
Ontario Ru. For t\\ent) )ears, \Ir. Kerr was a partner in the \\ell,knO\\n firm of \Iessrs. Blake, Kerr & ""ells, retiring from
it, in 1885, to his pröent firm, of which he is the head. In 1879. 1881. and 1886, he was succðsi\t,ly elected a Bencher of
the I aw Society. In 1876 he \\ as created <re. b\' the Ontario <;0\ ernment. and in 1881 had the same honour conferred on
him by the I >ominion (;0\ ernment.
Ir. Kerr has been retained in many important case
, ci\'il and crimin.lI, and argued the
great license case, the {lUeen Z'. Hodge, for the respondent Lefore the Pri\) Council in England. J n 1 Xó I, he was initiated
a Freemason in the Ionic Lodge, roronto, and has sen"ed the craft in all the important offices up to the (;rand :\Iastership of
the (;rand J odge of Canada. He has held
the rank of Past Grand Principal J, in the
(;rand Chapter of Canada, and in the (;rand
Chapter of Scotland. He has also held the
rank of Past PrO\ incial Prior of the SO\"ereign
(;reat Prior) of Knights Templ.u" of Canada,
and, in 1883, recei\ed at the hands of
H.R.H. the Prince of \\ales, Grand :\laster
of h.nights Templars, the distinguished order
of the (;rand Cross of the Temple. In
politics, :\Ir. Kerr is a Liheral; in religion,
he i" a member of the Church of England,
For many ycars he has been a member of
the I >iocesan and l'ro\ incial Synod, and for
fifteen )ears Church\\arden of St. James
( 'athedral.
:\lr. .\Ifred Henn'
Iarsh. (J,C.,LL. \1"
w:ts born at Smithfield. :\ orthumherland
('ounty, :\Iay 30th, 185 I. He \\as educ.lted
at Brighton High School and the t:"ni\ersity
of Toronto, recei\'ing from the latter the
degrec of B..\. in 1 RH, and LL. B in 1 XX:!.
Hc W.h c:tlled to the Ontario B.lr in 18ïï.

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9-1

THE LA TV COURTS AND THE [EGAL PROFESSIO"'

and appointed Queen's Counsd b) the Dominion (;O\ernment in 1889. Mr. :\Iarsh entered 111 1877 the firm of :\Iessrs.
\Iacdonald &: Patton, of which Sir John A.
Iacdonald \\.IS the head, HL has since remained a partner of that firm and its
successors, who are now :\Iacdonald, :\Tarsh &: ()':\Ieara. In 1883. I\lr. :\Iarsh also entered into partnership with the late
Jame" Bdhune, (J.e and on the death of :\Ir. Bethune in I 88-J, he formed a partnership \\ith \\ïlliam Lount, ().C., under the
firm style of I ount
\Iarsh, He has since continued .1 memher of that firm as
well as of the one of which Sir John :\Iacdonald is a partner. I\lr. :\Iarsh was
lecturer and naminer in Equity for the La\\ Society of Upper Canada from 1883
to 1886. Un the formation of the new Law School in connection with the law
Society, in 1889, he was appointed lecturer in Equity and has \\ ritten a work on
its doctrines. Last )ear the graduates in law of the Cni\ersity of Toronto elected
I\Ir. l\Iarsh as their representati\ e to the Senate of that institution.
:\Ir. James Henry
Iorris, Q.C.. is the eldest son of the late Hon. James

Iorris. He was born at Broch'ille, Fehruary 16th, 1831. After recei\'ing his
education at the Broch'ille (;rammar School. the 'High School of :\Iontreal, and
Cpper Canada College, Toronto, he entered King's College, and three years later
recei\ed the degree of B..\. from Toronto C"nin:rsit)., the outcome of King's.
:\Ir. Morris served till 1853 in the office of John \\'ilson, Q,C., and for one year
subsequently in the office of the Hon. John Crawford, afterwards Lieut.-(;O\ernor
of Ontario. He was called to the Bar in I 85-J, and for a few months practised in
partnership with :\Ir. Larratt \\'. Smith, II.CI.. In 1855 he visited the Indian
Archipelago and China. and on returning to Canada in the following year
practised la\\ with 1\1r. Patrick Freeland and :\Ir. J. F, Smith. Q.c.. now editor-in-
chief of the Ontario I aw Reports, In 1860, on the occasion of the visit of the
Prince of Wales to the city, 1\Ir. \Iorris
took an acti\'e part in organiLing a large
muster of nati\'e Canadians to give His
Royal Highness a loyal and hearty wd-
come. For some years !\Ir. !\Iorris was
Registrar of Toronto Cniversity, and on his resignation was appointed a member of
the Senate by the (;overnor-( ;eneral. \\ hich position he held till 1873. The first
summer residence on Toronto Island was huilt hy :\Ir. :\Iorris in 187 I. He sef\'ed
the city as aldermanic representati\'e of St. .\ndrew's \\'ard in 1880, and suhse,
quently as a memher and chairman of the CollqÓate Institute Board. 1\1r. :\Iorris,
\\ ho ha" ah\a) s taken an intelligent and patriotic interLst in Canadian aff.1irs, was a
memher of the . \d\ isory Board which distributed relief to the sufferers by the
Humher r.Iilway calamity in I 88-J. He was appointee) Queen's ('OUlbel in 1885,
and in 1886 was elected a Bencher of the law Societ) of t:pper Canada. He is a
memher of the Royal Canadian Yacht Cluh, ,\lbany Cluh, and St. .\ndrew's Society.
Mr. Morris in his professional practice has
a wealthy and influential diotle/e. His
present law partner is :\Ir. .\lIan :\lcKab,
formerly of ()wen Sound, In religion,
:\Ir.
Iorris is an Episcopalian; in politics
he is a ('onsef\'ati\"C of the ideal type and
at the samc time an ardent and puhlic-
spirited Canadian.
:\Ir. John Bain. Q.e.. is a native of Scotland. where he was horn in the year
18 3'), heing the ) olll1ge"t son of Re\', James Bain. His education, commenced in
Scotland, was continued at Queen's College, Kingston. :\Ir. B.Iin studied la\\ in the
office of l\Iessrs. Paterson &: Harrison, composed of the bte James I'aterson and the
late Chief Justice Harrison. Subsequently he was recei\'ed'into the firm and the
name was changed to Paterson, Harrison &. Rain. In ISil. :\Ir. Harrison withdrew
from the firm and it hecame Paterson, (Jain &: Paterson, The senior I I.lrlner, :\Ir.
J ames Paterson, died in 1873. The firm was in 1874 then reorgani/ed under the
name of Ferguson, Bain &: \1 yers. On the elevation of :\1 r. J lIstice Ferguson to the
Bench, I\Ir. !lain became the head of the firm, and the name changed to Bain, I aid law
&. Co, Few men have had associated with them in the practice of law so many
partners who have been ele\'ated to the Bench, :\Ir. Bain was crcated a (2,e. in
188 3. His firm carries on a large and general legal husiness.

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'IR. ]AS. II. MORIUS, Q.c.

THE LAW COlTRTS .-lXD THE lEGAL PROFESSIOX

9;)

Ir. {;eorge \\'ashington B.1dgerow, Barrister, Cro\\ n .\ttorney for the ('ounty of York, is a nati\oe of this county, ha\oing
heen horn at
Iarkham, :\Ia\ 28th, I 8,p, _-\ftef studying in the :\Iarkham High School, he entered the office of the late Chief
Justice H.urison, and \\as shortly after\\ards called to the Bar.
Ir. Badgerow is the head of the legal firm of
Iessrs, (;. \\'.
Badgero\\ &. Co., and enjO\ s a high reputation in the community, He has heen closely a.;sociated \\ ith the Liberal party in
Ontario, to support \\ hich he \\as elected a memher of the local I egi!.lature hy
the L1st Riding of York in 18i9. This constituency re-e1ected him until he
re!.igned in 1887 to accept the office he now fills, that of ero\\ n . \ttorney for the
Cit\. of Toronto and County of York.
Ir. Badgerow is I'ast Supreme
Iaskr
Workman of the ,\ncient Order of Cnited \\'orkmen, emhracmg all Korth .\merica.
He is a \\orth\ memher of the Church of England.

Ir. .\lIen Bri
tol \
les\\orth, :\1..\.. Q. C.. of the eminent Ia\\ firm of
\Iessrs, :\Ioss, Hoylö &: ,-\ylesworth, \\as horn at the \ïllage of Xewhurgh. Count)
Lennm. and ,\ddington, Xovemher 27th, 18S-t, He \\as educated at the Xe\\lmrgh
High School and at Cni\ersity College, Toronto, \\here throughout his under-
graduate course he took high standing in the class list>;. In I Xi -t, he graduated
\\ ith silver medal in mathel}!atics, also \\ ith high honours in metaphysics. He \\ as
also successful in \\ inning the Prince of \rales priæ, which is a\\arded to the

aduate attaining the highest aggregate standing of the )ear. _\fter graduating,
:\Ir. ,-\dèS\\orth took up Ia\\ as a profession, stud)ing in the office of
lcssr".
Harrison, Osler &:
Ioss, and in 1878
\\as called to the Bar. He shortly
after\\ards connected himself \\ ith the
firm of solicitors of \\ hlCh he is now a
partner, and is one of the most capahle
and hard-\\orking professional men of
his calling,
Ir. .\)Ic:s\\orth is a representati\"e on the Senate of Toronto Cnin
rsity,
and an active memher, abo. of Ionic lodge ,\. F. &. ,\, \1., '\0, 25 (;. R. C. In
Octoher, 181'9. :\Ir. _\ylesworth \\as appointed QueelÙ Counsel hy the Dominion
{;O\ernment, and in Ikcemher of the same \"car he had the honour of recei\ing
silk from the Ontario (;o\'erl11nent. He was ('OUII,;eJ in the H.1ldimand Election
cases and also in the ::;t. George Railway C.lse.
The late
Ir. James Iïlt, 12,C., of the once well-knO\\ n firm of \Iessr
. Bell,
CrO\\ther &: Tilt, Solicitors, was horn in the Count) of I'eel, Ontario, in 1 X3 I. He
\\as educated at the Strech\ille {;rammar School and at Cpper Canada College,
and thereafter studied Ia\\ and \\as in due cour"e called to the Bar of the I'rO\ ince.
In 1862. he entered into partnership
\\ith John Bell, Q.c., and
Ir. James
Crowther: and on the death of the
latter,
Ir. \\'m. :\Iulock hecame head
of the firm, \Ir. Tilt \\as a sound Ia\\
er
and a man of prohin and. honour. He was highly esteemed hy his hrethren at the
Bar. and had the confidence of his clients and the esteem of many warm and sincere
friends. He \\as a man of fine taste and e'\cellent judgment. He \\a.; generous to
a fault, and his numherless acts of Iiheralih' endeared him to a \\ ide and appreci-
ati\"e circle. His death, {)ecemher 31, 1889, \\as sincerely mourned. In politics
\Ir, lïlt \\as a staunch Conservati\'e and a true son of Canada. He \\as a member
of Grace Church (Episcopal) in this cit). and for a numher of \ears acted as the
Rector's Church\\arden. \mong his fello\\-\\orshippers he h:d a useful, kindly, and
hlameless life. and the memor) of his generous deeds \\ ill not he soon forg-otten,
:\Ir. (;eorge Hughes \\aholl. <2.C.. LI ,H.. \\a" horn near Schomherg. York
County, Septemher 28th, 18-t9, He \\as educated at Xe\\market (;rammar School
and \ïctoria Cni\'ersity. receiving from the latter the degree of B..\. in 18il. and
LLB. in 1873, ,\fter graduating :\Ir. \\atson entered the office at Belle\illc: of
the late Hon, I e\\ is \\ all bridge, aftemards Chief Justice of \Ianitoha, Suhse,
quently he hecame a student \\ ith
Iessrs, Blake, kerr &: Bo) d, of Toronto, On
being called to the Bar,
Ir, \\'atson practiced alone for a short time till he formc:d
the firm of :\Iessrs. \ratson, Thorne. Smoke &. \lasten, which doc.; an e!l.knsi\'e legal husines". 'Ir. \\ ahon i" a \\orth)"
member of the Society of Friends,

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THI-. LAII-. :\IR.JAS. TILl', <l,C

96

THE LAW COURTS AND THE LEGAL PROFLSSIOX

:\Ir. "ïlliam Xicholas l\liller, Q,C
I I.. B., was born at Dundas, Ontario, in 18 3 8 .
His father, Judge :\Iiller, practised law in
Dundas prior to 1853, in which year he wa"
appointed Judge of the newly organiæd
County of Waterloo. and in this judicial
office he remained until 1887, when he
received his well-earned superannuation.
Since then, Judge
liller, who is in his
eightieth year and in the full enjoyment of
all his mental faculties. has made his home
in (;alt. :\Ir. "'. K. !\liller, after obtaining
his primar) English education, graduated in
law at the L'ni\'ersity of Toronto, with the
degree of LL.B., and in 1t>6I was called to
the Bar of Upper Canada, For some years.
:\Ir. :\Iiller practised his profession in (;alt.
and afterwards in Ihampton, in partnership
\\ ith the late Thomas B. :\Idlahon, brother
of the present !\Ir, Ju"tice
Icl\lahon, In
]874, he remo\'ed to Toronto and entered
the firm of :\Iessrs. Beatty,
liller &. 1 ash
a" a partner, subsequently transferring his
services to, and forming a partnership \\ ith,
:\lessrs. :\lulock, Tilt, :\liller &. Crowther,
of which he is still an active member. In
these finns, !\Ir. :\liller has had a large
experience in Commercial law, as well as
of general counsel work in this and other
branches of his arduous profession. In
188 5, the learned gentleman wa" created a
(2ueen's Counsel. a distinction in his calling
which he has well earned,
:\Ir. James J. Foy, Q.C., is a native of
Toronto, ha"ing been born here Fehruary
22nd, ]847. He was educated at St.

Iichael's Collef!e. Toronto, and at St. Cuthbert's College, "L'"shaw, England. Choosing law as a profession,
Ir. Foy pursued
his studies to fit him!-'elf for that calling, and in 187] was duly called to the Har. Ten years later, he \\as selected by tr.e
Junior Bar a" one of the four candidates for the position of Uencher of the I a\\ Society and was ekcted by a large \'ote.
He has held the office till the present
time, having been again elected in 1886,

Ir. Foy has a large and lucrative law
practice, numbering among his clients
se\"eral land companies and wealthy finan,
cial institutions. In the early years of
The .J/ai/, !\Ir. Foy was one of the directors
of the ('uml'any organi/ed to own and
publish it. He is \'ice-President of "The
. \Ibany" lonservati\"e Club: President of
the Edmonton &. Saskatche\\an I and
Company: I )irector of the Toronto (;en-
eral Trusts COPlpany; and of the North
. \merican Land Company. :\Ir. Foy is
the senior member of the firm of :\Iessrs.
Foy
Kelly. In ]t>83. he was made a
(rC'. by the Dominion (;uvernment. In
politics. \Ir. Foy i" a Consermtivc, and
takes a prominent part in the councils of
hi" party in Toronto: in religion, he is

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\11:. \\"111 Lnl ì\. \IILLER, Q.C.

TIlL L / Tr COURTS ./XD THE I E(;.-I1 l'ROÍ'E5.:\..,O
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a Roman Catholic, and a leading member
of the congregation of St. :\Iichad's
Cathedral.
-'Ir, X ebon (;ordon Bigelow, Q.c.,
1.1.. B., head of the \\ell-known legal firm
of :\k""rs. BigelO\\, :\(or"on "'= Sm
th, and
one of the leading practitioner" at the
Provincial Bar, \\as horn in the County of
Simcoe, ,\pril.2.2nd, 18-1-0. .\fter recei\ing
hi" preliminary education, he entered \'ic-
toria Cniversih, ('obourg, where he took
a high standing and in due course, gradu-
ated \\ ith honours. He has taken a lead-
ing part in the discussions \\ ith reference
to the Federation fJue"tion, In 1866, he
proceeded to his :\1..\. degree, and in the
follo\\ ing
ear took the degree of l.1.. B.
:\Ir. Bigdow pur"ued his legal studie"
first under the late -'Ir. John -'Ic},abh,
formerly ('ounty ('rO\\ n , \ttorne), and
afterwards under the late Judge Kenneth
\lacKenLÌe. In 1867, he \\as called to the Bar, and for O\er a score of )ears has had a large and \aried practice, He is now
one of the mo"t prominent and successful of criminal la\\yers. In It)t)9, he was appointed <)ueen"s Counsel L) the Dominion
(;o\'ernment. :\Ir. Big-e1o\\ is a member of the Senate of \Ïctoria Lniversity, where he repre"ents the graduates in law. In
politic", :\Ir. Bigelow is a Liheral : in religion, he is a' \kthodi"t, '
:\Ir. ,\Ifred Hoskin, (.'.c., of the law firm of :\Iessrs. Hoskin ð.. Ogden, is a native of I>e\'onshin
, England, and was horn
:\1.1rch 21 st, 18-1-3. He received his primary education in London, Lngland, and completed his studies at a pri\ate school in
Ho\\mall\'ille, Onto Choosing law as a profession, \Ir. Hoskin commenced his legal edul'ation in the office of I>onald Tkthune,
J r., BO\\lnal1\ ille, He afterwards came to roronto and completed his course in the finn of Cameron, :\Ie \1 ichael & FitLgerald,
\Ir, Ho"kin was admitted as a Solicitor in :\Iay. 1865, in 1'\o\'el11her of the same year wa-; called to the Bar, and in 1880 was
created a (2ueeIÙ. < 'ounsel. He has been connected successively with the firms of Cameron, :\Ic-'Iichael, FitLgerald ,\. Hoskin,
of Cameron, \1c\lichad.\: Hoskin, and \k:\lichaei. Hoskin "'= Ogden, and is nO\\ the senior member of the firm of Hoskin
.\:. Ogden. \Ir. Ho-;kin i-; \"ice-President of the -'Ianitoba and X orth-West Loan Company and a I Jrrector of the Ontario
:\Iutual life ,\ssuran('e Co. He is also chairman of the Board of School rrustees for I Jeer Park. In religion, :\Ir. Hoskin is
an [piscopalian. and for man
,ears has been a memher of the Toronto Diocesan Synod.
-'fr. Henry O'Brien. <J.c., a partner in the \\ell-knol\n legal firm of Robinson, O'Brien <\: <;ibson, is a son of the late
Co\. E. C. O'Brien, of "The \\'oods:' Shanty Bay, I ake Simcoe, and was born in 1836, Ha\"ing chosen law as a profösion, he
took up its "tud\" and I\as duh called to the Bar in It)61. :\fr. O'Brien is the author of "everal legal \\orb of high repute in
the profession. He has also, for upward"
of t\\ enty ) ears, ably edited the Callada
Lall' JOllrllal, which \\as originated in
1855, by :\Ir. Justice (now Senator) Gowan
and the Hon. James Patton, Q,C., and
,",ubsequenth- conducted for a time by the
late Chief Justice Harrison, This was the
pioneer legal periodical of the Pominion,
and is the organ of the I aw Society of
Cpper Canada. :\fr. O'Brien was also
la\\ reporter at Osgoode Hall from 1866
to 1876, He is noted for his interest in
athletic sports. He founded the -\rgonaut
Ro\\ ing Club in 187:! and was its fir"t
President. He was also first President of
the Canadian .-\"sociation of .\mateur
Oarsmen. In politics, abo. \fr. O'Brien
has shO\\ n great acti\ it\, taking a promi-
nent part, \\ ith his hrother Co\. 0 Brien,
:\LP., and others, in the mo\"el11ent again"t
the pas"ing of the Jesuits Estates' Bill.

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TIfE L-l1l" COCRTS ,lXD THE E EG.-ll PROFESSEO.'.

rhough form\:r!y a l 'ons\:r\ ati\"t
in polities, h\: has latter!) disengaged himself from party aIliances, and connected himself \\ ith
the Equal Rights alhocates. He i<; a memher of the Exccuti\e Committee of the Equal Rights' .\ssociation. In 1885, he
took a leadin
part 111 the l.lI1didature of
Ir. \\. H. Hmdand for the cit) mayoraltY"and was a æalous aIly of that gentleman in
his efforts on hehalf of municipal rdorIn.
:\[r. O'Brien helongs to the Church of Eng-
land communion, though he takes an active
part in all undenominational Christian work,
and has done much practical good amongst
the poor and sick, chiefly of the eastern por-
tion of th\: city. To his philanthrophic work
he has mad\: man) sacrifices and gi\es it a
large amount of his time.
:\rr. Henry James Scott, (,1.r'., \\as
horn at Port Hope, _\ugust 25th, 1852. He
is the second son of the late :\Ir. James ::;cott,
harrister. He \\as educated at Port Hope
(;rammar School, Trinity College School,
and Toronto L" ni\"ersity. He graduated in
, \rts in 1872, of which year he was gold
medalist in metaphysics. In 1876 he entered
upon the practice of law, and his ahility was
recogni/l.
d hy his appointment as Qu\:en.s
Counsel in 1883, J\1r. Scott is a memher
of the Church of England.
:\Ir. I Janiel Edmund Thom"on, Q,C., of the firm of .Messrs, Thomson, Hen-
d\:rson IX Bell, and a memoer of the Hoard of Governors of .:\lc:\laster Uni\ersity, was
born in the \ïllage of Erin, County \\'ellington, Ontario, January 20th, 1851. Having recei\'ed his preliminary education, he
was suhs\:quently instructed hy private tutors, and in 1872, Legan at (;uelph the study of the law. Two years later he
remO\"ed to Toronto, where he entered the office of :\Iessrs. Beatty, Chadwick &. Lash, and pursued his studies at the Law
School, carr)ing off in succession first, second and fourth )ear scholarships-his third year course ha\"ing heen allowed him
in consideration of his high standing in the class lists. In 1876, he was caIled to the Bar, and in 1889 was created a Q.c. hy
the Ontario (;O\"\:rnment. In his profession. 1\Ir. Thomson has made a specialty of commercial law and had a large practice in
insohenC) ca"es prior to tht' repeal of the Insohent -\ct. He was counsel in the celehrated stock,oroking case of Sutherland

'. Co"\.. which arose out of the complications of the Federal Hank stock. The case was carried through all the courts and
resulted in a judgment for the plaintiff. :\Ir. Thomson was also counsel for the defendants in the case of Macdonald 'l'. Crombie,
which was carried to the Supr\:me
Court and decided in favour of the
defendants. This case is a ruling
one on questions of pr\:ferential
security. :\Ir. Thomson for the past
four years has been President of
the Baptist COI1\"ention for Ontario
and Quehec. and he takes an acti\"e
,lI1d enthu"iastic interest in the Cni-
\"ersity of his denomination, of \\ hich
he is a (;0\ ernor. .-\ \"iew of :\Ir.
rhomson's hCHne, 57 Queen's Park,
is here shO\\ n.
The name of :\1 r. Uli\'Cr ,\iken
Howland is conn\:cted with 1\\0 im-
portant legal cases in Ontario the
great patent right contest of Smith
1'. Cold ie, and the celehrated church
litigation which ams\: out of the divi-
sion of St. James' R\:ctory lands.
Rom at Lamhton .:\lills, .\pril 18th.
,\. ,: 18 4 - " :\Ir. Howland came to Toronto
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J'WIe._T" .'Ii for his education and passed through
Upper Canada College, the J\lodd

:\IR. IIF;IIRY J. Scon, (J.e.

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IR. !JAl\IEL E. THO'ISO;-';, Q.c.

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TIIF LA 11' COCRTS AXn THE LEG.II PROFESSIOX

(;rammar School. and Trinity C niversit),
In 1875 he \\as called to the Ittr, and
to-day is senior member of the well-J.no\\ n
law firms of Howland. .\rnoldi &: Bristul,
and Ho\\ land. ,\rnoldi
:\laeJ.eJlI'ie. :\Ir.
Hu\\ land is also a patent agent, a solicitor
to the Supreme Cuurt, and a foreign mem-
ber of the English Institute In cfmncc-
tion with \'arious municipal and national
mO\ ements he has e\. inced a deep interest
in public aff.'1Ïrs. Since 188-t- he has been
one of the Church\\ardens of St. James'
Cathedral. He is chairman of the On-
tario Public Places .\ssociation and a
member of the York Pioneers and of St.
(;eorge's Socieh'. In the case of Smith
1'. (;oldie. \\hich he successfull) contested
in the highest Courts of the realm, :\Ir.
Ho\\ land obtained the first juùgment of
the Commissioner of Patents on the ap-
plication of the famous forfeiture clause \\ hich is still the gon
rning decision on that subject. In the long and il1\'oh ed case
arising out of the 51. James' Cathedral Rectory funds :\1 r, H 0\\ land represented the defendants and ably contested <- \'ery point
until the \\ithdra\\al of the rector of S1. James' Cathedral from the suit brought the litigation to an end, :\Ir. Hm\land takes
a hearh' interest in the natÎ\'e literature and is a frequent contributor to The l1éek, He is the author of a thoughtful \\ork,
dealing \\ith "The Irish Prohlem, as \Ïewed
b\" a Citi/en of the Empire. " \\ hich W.Is favour-
ably recei\'ed hy the British puhlic on its
appearance in london in 1887. and \\a'i
praised h} the london Specta/tlT.
:\1r. \\" H, p, Clement. R..\., was horn
:\Iay 13th, 1858. He made good use of the
national system of education of \\ hich the
1'1'0\ ince of Ontario is justly proud. .\fter
acquiring all the knowledge that the High
Schools could impart, he took an .\rts course
in the Cni\ersityof Toronto; from thi... in-
stitution he recei\'ed the degree of B..\, He
then de\'oted himself to the study of law. and
in due time was called to the Bar, The firm
of \Iessrs, Clement, \[CCulloch
Clement,
of \\ hich he is a member, is well and fa\our-
abl\' kno\\ n, :\1 r. Clement interests himself
in the :\Iethodist Church, the Liberal part},
and the Order of ,\ncient, Free and .\ccepted
:\1.1'>ons, He i'i moreO\er an acti\e minded,
enlightened and useful citiæn.
\lr. Columhus Hopkins (;reene \\as
born :\Iay I.:?th. 1830. in the historic \. illage
of I )rummondyille. ()ne \\ hose earh em i-
ronments Were so pregnant with the memories
of British heroism. of British 100alty and of
British daring which cluster round the glori-
ous battle ground of I .und\'" I ane could not
but absorh the sterling characteristic!' of the
l". E. Loyalists by \\ hom this locality \\as
settled, :\Ir. Greene at an early age chose
the profession of law for his life-work. His
mam' e"\cellent qualities commended him to
the mercantile puhlic of Toronto and he soon

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THE LA tr COCRT5i Axn TIfE LEG.U FROJ.E.<"SION.

ohtained a lucratin
practice. He is thc senior mcmber of the firm of :\Iessrs. (;reene & <;reene, .\ consistcnt memher of
the Church of England, :\Ir. < ;recne has alw.lYs taken a deep interest in its welfare. Largely through his efforts ,-\11 Saints has
hecome one of the most prosperous Epis-
copalian churches in Toronto,
?\Ir, Joseph Heighington is the
pnncipal partner in the legal firm of
\Iessrs, Heighington, Urquhart & Bo)d,
He \\as horn in Yorkshire, England, in
18-1-9, and \\as educ.lted up to the age of
si'\teen .It ordinar) da\' schools and then
by pri\'ate tuition. He thoroughly mas-
tered the duties of aCl:ountant and held
responsihle posts till, in IR77, his he.llth
failing,
Ir. Heighington was ad\ ised to try
a drier dimate, He came to Toronto
and first kept hooks, hut soon entered
upon the <;tudy of law, commencing prac
tice in this city in the year 188.1-. :\lr.
H eighington to a large e'\tent confined
himself primarily to that part of his profes-
sion which comes under the husiness of L
solicitor, helieving that it is disad\'an-
tageous to attempt counsc! \\'ork too early
in one's legal career, His husiness consisted largely in the management of estates, the inn:stment of moneys, and gencral
commercial matters suhjects which his pre\Ïous training admirahly fitted him to deal \\ ith, The claims of his business have
heen too e'\acting to allow of :\Ir. Heighington's taking an}' very acti\ e part in politics, but he holds I,iheral views and has
attended Reform meetings. In religion. he is a Baptist of a broad and charitahle type.
The relehrated trial of a well-kno\\ n clergyman of Toronto, hy a trihunal of the
Iethodi
t Church and his acquittal on
the charges made, hrought into prominence the name of
Ir. J. " , St. John, hy whom the defence was conducted. :\Ir. St. John
wa!> horn in the Count\' of Ontario, on the 17th of July, 1854. . \fter attending the Collegiate I nstitute at Cohourg, he graùuated
in . \rts from \'ictoria l' ni\ ersity in I 8X I. I'hree ) ears later he was called to the Ontario Bar, and hegan the surcessful and
lucrati\'e practice of law, His name:' is connected \\ ith the firm of :\Iessr!>, Haverson & St. John. In religion, :\Ir, St. John
gives allegiance to the :\Iethodist Church.
\Ir, Horace Thorne, barrister, was born at Thornhill, Ont.uio, on the 20th of Xo\'emher. 113-1--1-. His father, Benjamin
Thorne, was at one time a leading merchant hoth in
Iontreal and Toronto, carrying on one of the largest milling and grain
husinesses in the country, .\fter recei\'ing a good training in Cpper Canada College, young Thorne studied law in the offices
of the late Hon. James Patton, <2.C.. :\Ir. Justice Usler, and the late Chief Justice :\Ioss. In 1869. he was called to the Har
and commenced practice in partnership
with the late Thomas h. :\Iorgan, who
came to an untimely end hy heing drowned
off the yacht .Sphinx, in 1873, Shortly
afterwards, 1\Ir. Thorne formed a partner-
ship with
Ir, James J. Fo}, (J.c. This
firm Ia!>ted five years, when :\Ir. Thorne
hecame a member of the present firm of
Watson. Thorne, Smoke & :\Ia!>ten. For
the past few years he has de\'oted a grcat
deal of attention to financial matters, and
has been \'ice-President of the Toronto
I and and Il1\'estment Company.

Ir. Elgin Schoff, of the firm of
Schoff & Eastwood, barristers, is a nati\'e
of Ontario, He was horn in Clandehoye,
\liddIese'\. Ont., February 17th, IR52.
:\Ir. Schoff is a graduate of I'oronto Xor-
mal School. from which he holds a first-
class certificate. . \fter teaching school for
t\\O years he was articled in 18j 5 to

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